In commercial cannabis cultivation, stress-induced hermaphroditism occurs at a much higher percentage than true genetic hermaphroditism. Genetic hermaphroditism is relatively rare, while stress-induced cases can affect a significant portion of a crop, especially with unstable genetics.
Stress-Induced Hermaphroditism (Most Common)
This type, also called intersexuality, is a survival mechanism where the plant produces male flowers to self-pollinate and create seeds when it perceives its environment as a threat to its survival.
Prevalence: Studies indicate it can affect between 5% and 10% of cultivated plants in typical conditions, but can exceed 25% under severe stress conditions (e.g., poor transport conditions).
Common Stressors:
Light issues: Inconsistent light cycles, light leaks during the dark period, or excessive light intensity.
Temperature extremes: Both excessive heat (above 27°C or 80°F) and extreme cold.
Nutrient imbalances: Deficiencies or excesses of key nutrients, or incorrect pH levels.
Watering problems: Irregular watering (over or under).
Physical damage: Aggressive pruning, damaged roots, or broken branches.
Pests and diseases: Any affliction that weakens the plant's overall health.
Genetic Hermaphroditism (Relatively Rare)
True genetic hermaphroditism is a natural trait of some specific cannabis varieties (like certain Thai sativas) and involves the simultaneous presence of fully developed male and female organs within the same individual flowers.
Prevalence: This phenomenon is very low in commercially bred, stable strains.
Cause: It stems directly from the plant's inherited traits and can appear even under perfect growing conditions. Unstable or poorly bred strains, especially some feminized seeds that are a result of specific breeding processes, can carry a higher genetic predisposition.
Summary
While some strains are genetically more prone to the issue, the majority of hermaphrodite cases in cultivation are triggered by environmental stressors. This is why providing a stable and controlled environment is the primary preventative measure for most growers.