Bioavailability of Different Types of Cannabis Consumption

The ways people consume cannabis have changed a lot over time. From old-school joints to techniques like vaping, edibles, tinctures, and oils, each method provides its unique benefits and experiences. 

But, regardless of how you consume it, an important factor that affects how well cannabis works is its bioavailability, which refers to the amount of ingredients that actually make it into the bloodstream to produce an effect.

Understanding bioavailability is key for both medical and recreational users since it influences when the effects kick in, how strong they are, and how long they last. This article will take a dive into the bioavailability of cannabis consumption methods exploring the scientific process behind how the body absorbs and uses cannabis. We'll cover everything from smoking joints to vaping, eating edibles, using tinctures and oils and capsules, and highlight what factors impact bioavailability in each method. By the time you finish reading this guide, you'll have a grasp on how to enhance your cannabis experience for your desired outcomes.

What is Bioavailability?

Bioavailability is a term commonly used in pharmacology, which refers to the amount of a substance that enters the bloodstream after being introduced into the body and becomes available for utilization. When it comes to consuming cannabis, understanding bioavailability is key as it determines how much of the cannabinoids such as THC and CBD actually make their way into circulation to produce their intended effects.

Various factors play a role in influencing bioavailability, including the consumption method, the characteristics of the cannabinoids, and individual physiological variations. Factors like liver metabolism, food intake, timing, and ingestion methods can all impact the amount of cannabinoids that affect an individual.

The significance of bioavailability extends to all users, whether you're just using it to get high or for any therapeutic uses. For medicinal users, increasing bioavailability can improve results by ensuring patients receive the full benefits from their prescribed dosage. And, even if you're looking just to have a great time with cannabis, understanding bioavailability can help to achieve desired effects effectively and safely.

Bioavailability also plays a role in determining time. For example, how quickly do these effects become noticeable? And, how long do they sustain?

Simply put, techniques with high bioavailability will show effects very quickly but the downside is that they don't last too long. Conversely, those with lower bioavailability might take longer to kick in but offer more sustained effects. 

Understanding these dynamics can help you decide how to consume cannabis for the best possible effects. 

Various Ways to Consume Cannabis and Their Bioavailability 

As you probably know by now, there are many ways to consume marijuana. Let's go over each method and understand more about the bioavailability. 

1. Smoking Joints

Smoking joints is a widely practiced way of using cannabis. First, you grind the buds, arrange them on rolling paper, and roll them into a joint. 

Once you roll the joint, you simply light up one end on fire (like a regular cigarette) and puff away. This method has been around for centuries and remains famous even today due to its simplicity and cultural significance.

Bioavailability of Smoking Joints

When you smoke a joint, the cannabinoids are quickly absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs providing a pathway into the bloodstream. The bioavailability of smoked cannabis is typically estimated to be between 10-25% although this can vary based on factors such as inhalation technique, cannabis potency, and depth and duration of inhalation.

Factors Impacting Bioavailability During Smoking

Several factors can affect the bioavailability when you smoke cannabis:

• Taking prolonged breaths can enhance absorption.
• Higher temperatures during combustion can boost the release of cannabinoids; however, high temps can also break down the compounds sooner. 
• When you smoke any cannabis product including a joint or a concentrate, it can lead to stronger effects but this has no bearing on the bioavailability. 

Advantages of Smoking Joints

• One advantage of smoking joints is that it produces effects almost immediately. Users typically start feeling the impact within minutes after inhaling. This swift response is especially helpful for cannabis users seeking immediate relief. It allows users to easily manage their dosage by taking puffs as needed to achieve their desired level of effect. This instant feedback loop can help prevent you from overconsuming too much compared to other techniques like consuming edibles. 
• Another benefit is the social appeal associated with smoking joints. The act of rolling and enjoying a joint holds importance in cannabis culture and is often viewed as a communal activity. For many users, the process of rolling a joint, sharing it with friends, and engaging in conversations are essential elements of their cannabis journey. The cultural aspect of smoking joints can enhance the enjoyment and sense of connection among users, making it a popular choice for gatherings.
• When compared to other consumption methods, smoking joints can be more budget-friendly. It doesn't require gear or specialized products, which makes it accessible to a broader audience. Rolling papers and cannabis buds are reasonably priced, allowing users to regulate their cannabis intake easily and make their supply longer if needed.

Drawbacks of Smoking Joints

• Despite its benefits, joints have some health risks. The combustion of cannabis produces smoke containing toxins and carcinogens that can irritate the lungs. Prolonged smoking is linked to long-term health issues such as bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and an increased susceptibility to infections. 
• It can be tough to control the amount consumed when smoking joints. Unlike edibles or tinctures, the quantity of THC and other cannabinoids in each puff can vary due to factors like joint size, cannabis potency, and individual inhalation techniques. This can be difficult for those who are very particular about dosing. 
• You cannot remain discreet when smoking joints as the odor sticks to clothing, hair, and indoor spaces. This odor could be problematic for users residing in shared areas where the scent may not be welcome or if they live in regions where cannabis is still illegal. Moreover, it attracts a lot of attention, so you may have quite a few people judging you. 

2. Vaping 

Vaping is very similar to smoking but rather than inhaling smoke, you inhale vapor. To do this, you can use a device known as a vaporizer that vaporizes cannabinoids and terpenes without burning the plant material. The resulting vapor is then inhaled, offering the perfect alternative to smoking. Vaping devices vary from vape pens to advanced vaporizers.

Bioavailability of Vaping Cannabis

Compared to smoking, vaping generally provides higher bioavailability levels with estimates ranging from 30-50%. Many users prefer vaping because it allows for quick delivery of cannabinoids without the drawbacks of combustion. The actual absorption rate can vary depending on the device, temperature settings, and vaping technique used.

Factors Influencing Absorption Rate With Vaping

• Quality of Device: High-quality vaporizers with temperature control can enhance the extraction of cannabinoids.
• Temperature Settings: Lower temperatures help retain cannabinoids and terpenes while higher temperatures may improve absorption but could lead to degradation of compounds.
• Concentration of Cannabis: Like with smoking, using extremely potent cannabis strains or concentrates can intensify effects without necessarily increasing absorption rates.

Advantages of Vaping Cannabis

• One key benefit of vaping cannabis is its absorption rate compared to smoking. Vaping efficiently delivers cannabinoids as it heats the cannabis to a point where active compounds vaporize without burning the plant material. This method retains many cannabinoids and terpenes, resulting in a more effective experience. As a result, you will need less material when vaping compared to smoking. 
• Vaping isn't entirely safe, but it's not as harmful to your lungs as smoking. The vapor doesn’t contain harmful toxins and carcinogens typically found in smoke. This reduced exposure to byproducts can help minimize irritation and other health risks associated with smoking. So, it's safe to say that vaping is a safer alternative for cannabis users who don't want to smoke. 
• Another advantage of vaping is its discreet nature. Vapor tends to have a milder smell than smoke and dissipates very quickly, reducing the chances of lingering odors on clothes or in living spaces. This makes vaping a great choice for individuals who need to use cannabis in shared settings without drawing attention. The compact and portable design of vaping devices also adds to their discreetness, enabling users to carry and use their vape pens or vaporizers while on the move.
• Vaping often enhances the flavor of cannabis by preserving the terpenes that contribute to each strain’s aroma and taste. This way, you can enjoy vaping more than smoking because the heating process preserves the compounds better than combustion. Moreover, many vaporizers come with various temperature settings, so you can tailor your experience by choosing the temperature for vaporizing the cannabinoids and terpenes. This level of customization can elevate the satisfaction and effectiveness of using cannabis.

Drawbacks of Vaping Cannabis

• One notable drawback of vaping is its cost. Premium vaporizers which provide temperature regulation and efficient vaporization can be pricey. Although there are some cheap alternatives, the problem is that they may not deliver the same performance and longevity as higher-end models. In addition, the expenses of replacing coils, batteries, and other parts over time can accumulate. 
• To keep vaporizers working properly, you'll need to maintain them. Residues from buds or concentrates can build up in the device, affecting its performance and the quality of vapor produced. So, you must clean your vaporizer regularly to ensure efficient operation. Neglecting maintenance could result in a decrease in vapor quality and even reduce the device's lifespan.
• Transitioning to vaping may pose a challenge compared to smoking. It can be tricky for new users to find the exact temperature and technique to maximize vaping benefits. You may need to adjust the temperature according to the product you're using, which requires some trial and error to determine the ideal settings. Moreover, the technology is fairly new, so it can overwhelm some users. This learning curve might deter users who prefer an easy and user-friendly approach.
• Many vaporizers rely on batteries, so you'll need to make sure that your device is always charged. After a while, you'll also need to replace the batteries and some vaporizers demand expensive batteries, further adding to your costs. 
• In addition, it can be frustrating to depend entirely on your vaporizer for using cannabis, especially when you need relief immediately. You can carry extra chargers and batteries, sure, but it adds another layer of planning and preparation. 
• The vaping industry has come under scrutiny regarding the safety and quality of vape products. This is after there were several reports of vaping-related lung injuries associated with black-market THC vape cartridges. Before you panic, however, note that the people affected used THC cartridges sold illegally. Thus, it's extremely important to only use high-quality products from sources you trust to minimize potential health risks. Also, pay careful attention to the source and ingredients of your cannabis products, so you don't make costly mistakes. 

Comparing Vaping with Smoking

Although both methods have the user inhaling vapor or smoke, vaping is generally preferred more simply because it offers higher bioavailability. Plus, it's considered less harmful to the lungs. The onset of effects is rapid in both cases but vaping may offer a controlled and consistent experience.

3. Edibles

Edibles are food items infused with cannabis extracts such as brownies, gummies, chocolates, and beverages. They provide an option for those who don't want to smoke cannabis. The body absorbs the cannabinoids in edibles through digestion.

Bioavailability of Edibles

The absorption rate of edibles is generally lower compared to other methods like smoking and vaping, typically ranging from 4-20%. This is because a significant portion of the cannabinoids is broken down in the liver before entering the bloodstream due to first-pass metabolism. However, the effects of edibles last longer and are more intense.

Factors Influencing Absorption in Edibles

• Metabolism: The speed and efficiency of absorption can be influenced by your body's metabolism. 
• Food Presence: Consuming edibles along with fatty foods can increase absorption.
• Formulation: Different types of edibles (such as oils or chocolates) may have different absorption rates.

Process of Metabolism When Consuming Edibles

When you consume edibles, they go through your digestive system and liver. At this point, delta-9 THC transforms into 11-hydroxy-THC, which is a metabolite known for its psychoactive effects. This process results in a delayed onset of effects typically taking between 30 minutes to 2 hours; however, the effects will be stronger than other consumption methods like vaping and smoking. It's not uncommon for you to feel the effects even about 6 hours after consuming edibles. 

Advantages of Cannabis-infused Edibles

• As mentioned above, one significant benefit of eating cannabis-infused edibles is the lasting impact they offer. Depending on the strength and amount of edibles you've consumed and how your body processes them, it will last in your system for quite a while. This prolonged impact is particularly helpful for users seeking lasting relief from issues like pain, sleep troubles, or anxiety. It also attracts users who want long-lasting effects without needing to dose frequently.
• You can consume edibles without attracting attention. Unlike smoking which can produce a distinct odor, edibles can be consumed just like any other food or drink, and nobody will ever know that you're actually eating cannabis-infused edibles. This makes them perfect for users who need to use cannabis even in regions where it isn't allowed. The lack of odor and the inconspicuous nature of edibles enable users to include cannabis consumption in their regular routines without facing the social judgment that may come with more noticeable methods.
• The biggest benefit of edibles is the ability to achieve perfect dosing. These products are typically made with exact levels of THC and CBD clearly indicated on the packaging. This precision enables you to manage your intake effectively by measuring the dosage whenever you consume them. 
• Edibles offer an array of options, including gummies, chocolates, baked goods, beverages and more. This variety caters to taste preferences and dietary requirements. Many users enjoy selecting and trying out several types of edibles as part of their journey, adding an element of enjoyment to their experience. Moreover, the culinary aspect allows for exploration by incorporating cannabis into recipes and dishes.
• For cannabis patients, edibles offer a dependable way to consume medication. The ability to intake a measured dose ensures that you remain consistent with your therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the prolonged relief provided by edibles can reduce the frequency of consuming cannabis to get relief.

Drawbacks of Cannabis-infused Edibles

• A key drawback of edibles is the delayed onset of effects. After you consume them, the cannabinoids need to go through the system and be processed by the liver before they get into the bloodstream and start showing effects. This whole process can take anywhere from half an hour to two hours and sometimes even longer depending on many factors, like individual metabolism, whether there's other food in the stomach and the type of edible being consumed. The delayed onset can pose a challenge for users looking for quick relief or those new to edibles who might get impatient and consume more than intended. 
• The absorption of cannabinoids from edibles can differ significantly among individuals due to variations in metabolism, digestive efficiency, and overall health. Factors such as age, weight, gender, and genetic distinctions can affect how quickly and efficiently cannabinoids are absorbed and processed. This can make it hard for users to predict how they will feel after taking a dose. 
• Many food items like sweets and pastries contain excessive calories that may not be ideal for everyone. People who watch their calorie intake or want to reduce weight may find the added sugar and fat in treats like brownies, cookies, and candies to be a turn-off. If you're diabetic or want to reduce weight, go for low-sugar gummies or infused drinks rather than eating brownies. 
• The effects of edibles last long and many users consume them specifically for this purpose. However, once you ingest them, the effects can't be reversed quickly, which means that you'll have to wait for the cannabinoids to metabolize and leave the body. If you have to go to work, drive, or do something that needs immense concentration, you'll have to stay away from edibles. 
• Accidental consumption risks are high with edibles that resemble food items as they can be mistakenly ingested by children, pets, or unsuspecting adults. Without labeling and secure storage, these products may be mistaken for snacks leading to unintended consumption and potential negative consequences. To prevent this, always store your edibles safely and clearly mark them to prevent ingestion.

4. Tinctures

Tinctures are cannabis extracts typically made with alcohol. They offer a great way to consume cannabis where you can administer drops under your tongue or add them to food or drinks.

Tincture Bioavailability

The effectiveness of tinctures can vary based on how they're taken. When administered under the tongue, also known as the sublingual method, cannabinoids can enter the bloodstream through mucous membranes. They bypass the digestive tract and liver as well. Thus, the bioavailability stands at around 20-35%. However, if you ingest tinctures, the bioavailability is very similar to edibles, ranging from 4-20%.

Factors Influencing Tincture Bioavailability

• Method of Administration: Sublingual use is more effective than ingestion.
• Duration of Sublingual Absorption: Allowing the tincture to sit under the tongue for 1 to 2 minutes enhances absorption.
• Carrier: Alcohol-based tinctures offer higher bioavailability compared to oil-based ones due to absorption through mucous membranes.

Advantages of Tinctures

• One key advantage of cannabis tinctures lies in their flexibility. You can take them sublingually if you want fast absorption. Or, mix them with food and drinks for a more gradual impact. 
• Users have the freedom to select the approach that aligns with their requirements and personal preferences. Sublingual administration offers a quick onset of effects usually kicking in within 15 to 45 minutes, which is great for those seeking quick relief from symptoms. Conversely mixing tinctures into food or beverages can help disguise the taste and also release the cannabinoids slowly over a longer period. 
• Tinctures provide the most discreet way of consuming cannabis. They come in bottles with droppers making them portable and easy to use without drawing attention. Unlike smoking, tinctures don't emit any odor allowing users to consume cannabis without raising eyebrows. The absence of smell and the inconspicuous packaging make tinctures an option for individuals who need to medicate throughout the day.
• Medical cannabis users love tinctures as they offer an extremely precise dosage. You can simply measure the extract using the dropper that comes with the bottle. This way, you'll always be consistent with the amount of cannabinoids you consume. 
• Being able to adjust the dosage drop by drop also helps you hit the sweet spot without worrying about consuming too much. Achieving this level of precision is challenging with alternative consumption methods like smoking or edibles.
• Tinctures last a long time compared to other cannabis products because the alcohol or oil used as the carrier acts as a preservative that helps maintain cannabinoid potency and stability over time.
• Tinctures provide a fantastic option for individuals who do not frequently use cannabis and seek a product that maintains its effectiveness over a long period of time.

Drawbacks of Tinctures

• One significant downside of tinctures is their flavor profile, especially the ones containing alcohol as they can have a taste that some users may not enjoy. Oil-based tinctures are no better as they taste bitter too. While some people mix tinctures with food and beverages to mask the bitterness, others may not find that ideal as the flavor may still persist. 
• Plus, the effects of ingestion take longer to kick in, so many users don't mix it with food. This is because the cannabinoids get processed by the liver before entering your bloodstream when you ingest the tincture. As a result, it can take from 30 minutes to 2 hours for the effects to start showing. This delay might be inconvenient for users seeking quick relief. However, don't make the mistake of being impatient and consuming more as you can experience more negative effects.  
• The effectiveness of tinctures can vary depending on how you use them. As you know already, sublingual absorption is better than ingestion if you want faster effects. However, the effects can vary from one person to another depending on several factors, including the presence of food in your stomach, your metabolic rate, and whether alcohol or another carrier liquid is used. 
• The bioavailability and effectiveness of the tincture can also be influenced by other factors like the type of oil used, extraction method, and storage conditions. This variation can pose a challenge for users who want consistent results. 
• Top-notch tinctures, especially those crafted from expensive cannabis strains and organic components can come with a hefty price tag. While tinctures offer precise dosing and a long shelf life, the initial investment may deter some users. Moreover, continual usage costs can accumulate over time, making tinctures less accessible to those with less budget. This is why you'll see that only medical cannabis users are more likely to use tinctures compared to recreational ones. 
• Proper storage is crucial to preserve the potency and efficacy of tinctures over time. Exposure to light, warmth, and air may cause the cannabinoids to break down over time so it's best to store them in a dark, dry place. This could be an inconvenience for some users who need to have their tincture with them all day. It's also important to close the dropper cap tightly as you risk spillage. 

5. Oils and Capsules

Cannabis oils and capsules are concentrated extracts that can be taken directly or mixed with food. Oils are commonly taken under the tongue while capsules are swallowed like pills. These methods provide a controlled and discreet way of consuming cannabis.

Bioavailability of Oils and Capsules

The bioavailability of cannabis oils and capsules is similar to edibles typically ranging from 4-20%. However, when oils are taken under the tongue, like tinctures, they can offer bioavailability of around 20-35% due to absorption into the bloodstream.

Factors Influencing Bioavailability in Oils and Capsules

• Carrier Oil: The type of oil used (e.g. MCT oil, olive oil) can impact absorption rates.
• Administration Method: Taking oils under the tongue provides better bioavailability compared to ingestion.
• Metabolism: Variations in metabolism can influence how capsules are absorbed and their effectiveness. 

Oils vs. Tinctures: Both can be used under the tongue. Tinctures are usually alcohol-based while oils are fat-based. Oils may take longer to kick in but they last longer. 

Capsules vs. Edibles: Capsules offer the exact dosage you prefer and avoid any taste concerns that come with edibles. Both methods have great absorption rates. 

Advantages of Cannabis Oils and Capsules

• One of the benefits of using cannabis oils and capsules is the ability to get an accurate dose. They are made for those looking for precise dosages every time they consume cannabis. This way, you'll know exactly how much THC, CBD, or other cannabinoids you're taking.
• Capsules are even more precise than oils as you don't need to measure anything. Simply pop the capsules like pills and you're done. However, you should look into the dosage before purchasing and choose something you want. Also, as long as you don't consume more capsules than prescribed, there's very little risk of overconsumption. 
• Oils and capsules offer different ways to consume cannabis. Capsules look like any medication or supplement and can be taken quickly without drawing attention.
• When oils are taken under the tongue or added to food, they do not emit any scent making them perfect for individuals who need to use them in areas where people may judge them. And, as you may have guessed by now, capsules offer an even more discreet way to use cannabis compared to oils. 
• Cannabis oils offer flexibility in how they can be used. Like tinctures, they can be taken under the tongue for absorption, mixed into food or drinks or even incorporated into cooking and baking. In short, you can customize them however you want. 
• Both cannabis oils and capsules generally have a prolonged shelf life when stored correctly. Carrier oils like MCT oil or olive oil play a role in maintaining the potency of cannabinoids in these products over time. Capsules are great if you don't use cannabis regularly but still want a product that remains effective for an extended period. However, make sure you store them away from light, heat, and oxygen to ensure they retain their freshness and potency.

Drawbacks of Cannabis Oils and Capsules

• Capsules take a long time to show effects. As they are similar to edibles, the liver processes them before they are absorbed into the bloodstream. This process can vary in duration lasting anywhere from 30 minutes to a couple of hours or longer depending on an individual's metabolism and whether the capsule is consumed on a full or empty stomach. The delayed onset might not be ideal if you want results right away. 
• While capsules are perfect for those concerned about the taste of cannabinoids, the same isn't true for oils. Like tinctures, they are mostly bitter (cannabinoids are typically bitter) and some users may not enjoy it. Sometimes, a bitter tinge is noticeable even if you mix it with food. Thus, sublingual absorption is best as you can let your tongue absorb it and drink some water later like you're drinking cough syrup. 
• The absorption of cannabinoids from oils and capsules can vary significantly among individuals due to differences in digestion and metabolism. Various factors, like age, weight, genetic composition, and overall well-being can impact how cannabinoids are absorbed and processed in the body. This variation can result in the effects they display, making it hard for individuals to anticipate their response to a dosage. 
• Some premium oils and capsules can be expensive, especially when organic ingredients are used. So, they may be challenging for you since you may need to use them on a daily basis. 

Comparative Overview of Different Methods to Consume Cannabis 

Here's a quick comparison of the absorption rates of all the methods we listed above. 

• Smoking Joints: 10 to 25%
• Vaping: 30 to 50%
• Edibles: 4 to 20%
• Tinctures: 20 to 35% (under the tongue) and 4 to 20% (ingested)
• Oils and Capsules: 20 to 35% (under the tongue) and 4 to 20% (ingested)

Factors to Remember When Selecting a Consumption Method

• Onset Time: Inhaling methods like smoking or vaping provide quick effects while edibles and capsules deliver a delayed but lasting impact.
• Health Considerations: Vaping and sublingual tinctures work as a better health alternative compared to smoking.
• Privacy Concerns: Edibles, tinctures, and capsules are more discreet than smoking or vaping.
• Control over Dosage: Edibles, tinctures, and capsules allow for precise dosing in contrast to smoking.

Summary: Bioavailability of Different Types of Cannabis Consumption

The rate at which cannabis is absorbed varies depending on how it's consumed. No matter the method you choose to use cannabis, bioavailability is very important. 

Smoking and vaping provide quick onset effects and increased effectiveness, which are great for immediate results. Edibles and capsules offer extended and consistent effects for long-lasting relief. Tinctures and oils provide flexibility and better absorption rates when taken under the tongue. As you can understand, there are various ways to use cannabis, and each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages, and how they affect you. Both medical and recreational users need to understand these distinctions to make decisions