Phosphorus: it's not just a chemical element, but a key player in cannabis cultivation. Alongside nitrogen and potassium, phosphorus forms the dynamic trio powering your plant's growth and prosperity.
From seedling to harvest, phosphorus aids in various vital processes, from photosynthesis to root vigor and bud formation. Yet, phosphorus demands balance. An imbalance spells trouble, whether there’s a lack or excess of phosphorus, leading to toxicity and stunted growth.
In this article, we'll explore the role of phosphorus in growing cannabis, and how to keep your cannabis garden thriving without the risk of phosphorus toxicity and deficiency.
Yes, phosphorus is an element on the periodic table, but what exactly is it in the context of gardening? It’s one among three macronutrients your cannabis plant requires to thrive properly, with the other two being potassium and nitrogen. Together, the three macronutrients are referred to as NPK: nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus.
This element is classified as a macronutrient because it plays a crucial role in the growth and development of your cannabis plant. Essentially, your plant relies on this compound during each stage of its growth, right from the seedling to the bloom stages. And your plant needs this in relatively large quantities.
For example, phosphorus is essential for photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and metabolism. It is also particularly useful when it comes to new growth and root development in early stages along with flower development.
If you purchase commercially available nutrients, they already contain more than enough phosphorus for your cannabis plant. However, problems can still occur due to various issues like incorrect pH, low quality of soil, or other environmental factors, leading to phosphorus toxicity or deficiency.
Before we get into the nitty gritty of phosphorus, you must understand what the phosphorus cycle is. This element replenishes itself in a cycle called biogeochemical; this is referred to as the phosphorus cycle.
Plants consume phosphorus from the soil, and when they die, they are eaten by animals. Then, animals excrete phosphorus, replenishing the subsoil back again with it. But it’s not ready for plants just yet. Microorganisms in the soil must process phosphorus to make it available for the roots.
That’s not all. Some of the phosphorus is also carried out from the soil via water, ending up in the sea due to rainfall or erosion. This is why aquatic organisms like algae and fish are so rich in phosphorus. When the aquatic life is consumed by birds or other animals, it ends up back on land.
As mentioned above, phosphorus is a macronutrient that your cannabis plant requires in large quantities to grow well. Let’s dive into how your plant uses it.
You already know that your cannabis plant produces much of the energy thanks to the sunlight via photosynthesis, which is then stored. But did you know that your plant stores this energy in the form of phosphorus? That’s one use.
Next, this element is utilized for various metabolic processes within the plant, including photosynthesis, and it is also used to make up the DNA of the plant. Other than that, your cannabis plant uses phosphorus for development in all stages of its growth, including germination, root development, canopy growth, flowering, etc.
Seedling Stage
When cannabis plants are still young and tender, phosphorus plays a role in establishing their roots. It helps in transferring energy within the plant, providing the energy for seed germination and early root growth. Adequate levels of phosphorus also help the seedlings absorb water and nutrients from their environment.
Vegetative Phase
Throughout the vegetative or growing phase, phosphorus remains essential for fostering plant growth. Not only does it help with important processes like photosynthesis as it encourages the production of chlorophyll, but it also aids in transporting nutrients to other areas in the plant.
Since phosphorus helps in producing chlorophyll that captures light energy, the plants use this energy by converting it into carbohydrates, thereby fueling their growth. Additionally, phosphorus helps in creating acids and proteins for cell division, growth, and overall structure.
Flowering Phase
As cannabis plants move from the vegetative to flowering stages, they require phosphorus to support flower and bud production. Phosphorus is important for flower formation as it participates in metabolic processes related to reproductive growth. The plant needs a good amount of phosphorus to develop reproductive parts such as pistils, bracts, and stamens that are important for pollination and seed formation.
Moreover, phosphorus is an element of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that helps in the production of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds in cannabis flowers. Therefore, you must ensure that the plants have enough phosphorus available during flowering to produce the cannabinoids and resin we all love.
Many growers assume that phosphorus is only important during the pre-flowering and flowering stages, but as you can see, phosphorus is important for plants from their seedling to the flowering stage. From establishing the roots as seedlings to producing buds during the flowering stage, the plants simply cannot make it without phosphorus. By understanding its importance, you’ll be able to supplement the plant with adequate levels of phosphorus during every stage of growth.
Your cannabis plant intakes phosphorus in the form of monovalent and bivalent ions, with the former being the most used one. This is available to the plant depending on the pH of the growing medium. So, your plant will absorb less of it in higher pH soil and vice versa.
Absorbed phosphorus fuels an array of biochemical processes within cannabis plants, facilitating vital functions such as respiration and the synthesis of proteins and carbohydrates. These functions manifest in several beneficial outcomes:
By now, you already know the importance of phosphorus, but once you understand how to provide it to the plants properly through supplements, you’ll be able to maximize yields effectively, But, first, the plants must be able to absorb and utilize phosphorus. Here’s how you can ensure that your plants are getting the phosphorus you’re supplementing:
Understanding pH Levels and Phosphorus Availability
pH plays a huge role in how cannabis plants absorb nutrients, including phosphorus. Essentially, the pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale from 0 to 14. While 7 is neutral, anything below 7 indicates acidity while those above 7 indicate alkalinity.
You can supply all the nutrients the plants need at adequate levels, but the plants can still struggle to absorb them if the pH is not in the desired range. This is because the pH influences how the nutrients are available to the plants as it affects how nutrients are stored in the soil or growing medium.
Ideal pH Range for Absorbing Phosphorus
Whether you’re growing hydroponically or in soil, maintaining the pH within the ideal range should be your primary goal. In hydroponic or soilless setups where the medium is inert and the pH is easier to control, a range between 5.5 to 6.5 works best for phosphorus absorption. This pH range ensures that phosphorus is easily available and the plants can absorb it efficiently too.
When you’re growing cannabis plants in the soil where the composition influences pH levels, a broader range of 6.0 to 7.0 will work for phosphorus absorption. The plants will be able to absorb good amounts of phosphorus in this range.
Impact of pH on Phosphorus Availability
Regardless of growing in soil or soilless mediums, phosphorus availability is greatest in acidic to pH levels. In alkaline soils with a pH above 7, phosphorus can bind with calcium and magnesium and form insoluble compounds that the plants cannot absorb. In short, the nutrients aren’t available for the plants.
So, when the pH levels dip below 5.5, phosphorus should be available to the plants as it’s an acidic environment, right? Yes, that’s correct in a way. However, it can lead to imbalances and even toxicities as excess phosphorus in such acidic environments can disrupt the uptake of other important nutrients. For example, the plant may experience deficiencies in iron and manganese when the pH dips very low and the plant absorbs too much phosphorus.
As you may have understood by now, you should regularly monitor the pH levels to ensure that your cannabis plants get phosphorus. Even if you supply phosphorus in large amounts, it’s useless for the plants if the pH is not in the right range.
So, first, measure the pH with a good digital meter. Do not use pH strips because it becomes challenging to find the exact number. If the pH drifts away from the range, use pH Up to increase the pH. Similarly, use pH Down to decrease it for hydroponic mediums. If you’re growing in soil, you can use lime or sulfur to raise or lower the pH accordingly.
Phosphorus deficiency occurs when the nutrients you provide have less or no phosphorus for the plants to absorb. The symptoms that may differ depending on the seriousness of the deficiency and the plant's growth stage. Here are some common signs to watch for:
Stunted Growth
Phosphorus is essential for supporting metabolic processes in plants, from transferring energy to photosynthesis, as you already know. When the plants don’t have enough phosphorus, these processes are disrupted, so the plants display stunted growth. Young seedlings may struggle to establish root systems while bigger plants may stop growing with a lack of healthy shoots. Consequently, affected plants may appear smaller than other plants.
Dark Green or Purple Leaves
As phosphorus is important for producing chlorophyll, you will notice changes in the color of the plant’s leaves. For instance, they may turn green or purple, especially on the underside. This discoloration is more noticeable in the lower parts of the plant as phosphorus is a mobile nutrient that is transported from one place to another within the plant. You may also notice that the stems change color. Sometimes, they may look purple, blue, or even red, depending on how severe the deficiency is.
If you don't fix the problem, the plants may experience widespread leaf tissue necrosis and death. Sometimes, most leaves turn necrotic and the older leaves turn completely brown and brittle. Over time, the younger leaves are also affected, and they eventually die. With no leaves to conduct photosynthesis, the plant struggles to survive and will die as well.
Smaller Leaves
A shortage of phosphorus can hinder cell division and growth, resulting in leaves looking small and stunted. Additionally, the leaf edges might start curling as the deficiency progresses. These changes in leaf size and shape can greatly affect how well the plant captures light energy and makes food through photosynthesis, ultimately impacting its growth and development.
Delayed Flowering
Phosphorus plays a role in flower formation and reproduction for plants. If the plant doesn't have enough phosphorus, flowering might start later than expected. Sometimes, there could be irregularities in flower development. For instance, the buds may be too small or look distorted. In severe deficiencies, the plant might entirely fail to bloom, which means you're going to get very little or no yields at all.
Weak Stems
A lack of phosphorus can weaken the stems by hindering the formation and durability of cell walls. Thus, the stems may become thin, fragile, and prone to breaking or bending easily. Weak stems not only reduce the plant's stability but also disrupt transportation and water absorption, worsening nutrient shortages and stress reactions.
Poor Root Development
Phosphorus deficiency significantly impacts the growth and structure of roots. It is crucial for helping the plant develop strong root systems, so a deficiency of this nutrient can be harmful to the roots in particular.
If the fertilizer you provide doesn't have enough phosphorus or if the soil is deficient, the development of roots may slow down and also decrease in mass. This can make it harder for the plant to search for nutrients and water in the soil, making nutrient deficiencies worse and affecting the health of the plant.
As you can see, phosphorus plays such a critical role that the plants can't survive without it. However, you should note that these symptoms can also occur due to other deficiencies and environmental factors. Therefore you must diagnose the problem properly before trying to fix it.
If you want to treat phosphorous deficiency in cannabis plants, you can use various types of fertilizers. You should go for higher P numbers when looking for phosphorus fertilizers, meaning P in NPK. Typically, you’ll see numbers such as 0:5:4, 2:8:4, and even 0:50:30. Some products are called PK boosters, and you can choose any of these depending on your preferences.
Apart from them, here are a few that are easily available and work immediately:
Phosphorus pentoxide, a white crystalline powder is commonly produced by oxidizing phosphorus. It contains 44% phosphorus by weight, making it a quick source of phosphorus for all plants. Since it contains a high concentration, even small amounts can greatly benefit plants.
Phosphorus pentoxide is typically the main ingredient in commercial blended fertilizers. However, you should always follow the manufacturer’s instructions before using it as the timing and application rates matter a great deal. You can either mix it into the soil or apply it as a top dressing, depending on your preferences.
Monitoring the soil levels and plant health once you apply this nutrient. Most cannabis growers use fertilizers with phosphorus pentoxide as one of the main ingredients rather than using it as a standalone product.
Also known as MAP, this fertilizer is effective for many plants including cannabis due to its unique composition and ability to dissolve easily in water.
As the name suggests, MAP is mostly made up of phosphorus and nitrogen. It dissolves pretty quickly in water, providing phosphorus and nitrogen ions that plants can readily take up through their roots. The roots get it immediately, so you can expect quick results as well. This feature makes it convenient to use it on your plants especially when you need to correct a deficiency quickly. As MAP provides both nitrogen and phosphorus, you can expect good results, including more lush green leaves and bud formation.
Coming to the application, you can mix it in water and apply it to the roots, ensuring an even spread throughout the growing medium.
Or, you can dissolve it in water first and spray it on the leaves. This approach is much quicker than a soil drench as it facilitates immediate absorption. Foliar application is particularly beneficial for addressing deficiencies or enhancing nutrient uptake during periods of high metabolic activity.
Finally, you should follow the manufacturer's instructions. Don't apply more than recommended just because you want to give a quick boost to the plants. It's best to use commercial fertilizers with MAP as one of the main ingredients rather than using it alone as you might disrupt the delicate balance of nutrients. However, if you keep an eye on the pH and manage everything, this fertilizer can be a great ally in growing cannabis.
Similar to MAP, DAP is a water-soluble fertilizer that provides both nitrogen and phosphorus. It is often used as a fertilizer for various types of plants, including cannabis, because of its fast nutrient release.
DAP, like other fertilizers described above, contains phosphorus and nitrogen in the right proportions for the growth and development of cannabis plants. This balanced nutrient blend ensures that plants get adequate levels of both elements to support metabolic processes and achieve optimal performance.
A major benefit of DAP is its quick release and availability of nutrients to plants. When you apply DAP, it quickly dissolves in water, releasing phosphorus and nitrogen ions. This feature is particularly useful when the plants are in their vegetative phase as you want them to establish strong root systems. Remember, phosphorus helps to make the root system stronger, so you can use it to help the plant develop lots of green leaves along with a solid root system to kickstart vegetative growth.
Like MAP, you can use DAP as both a soil drench and foliar spray to provide phosphorus to cannabis plants. Or, you can dissolve it in water and apply it to the root zone directly. This approach is best for the roots as they get to absorb the nutrients quickly.
As always, be careful and follow the manufacturer's instructions as it's never a good idea to apply more than the recommended amounts.
Apart from the ones mentioned above, you can also use organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers will also help you prevent phosphorus toxicity as they contain natural materials and are rich in phosphorus but don’t overwhelm your plants.
Organic fertilizers can be directly integrated into the soil to improve phosphorus levels or added to compost piles.
Compost is a powerhouse of nutrients, especially when it is enriched with banana peels and various fruit and vegetable scraps as they serve as an excellent source of phosphorus alongside other vital nutrients.
This phosphorus-rich rock, finely ground into particles, gradually releases phosphorus over several years, which makes it an ideal soil amendment for sustained nutrient availability, especially phosphorus.
Coffee grounds act as both a slow-release fertilizer and compost component, and they serve as a rich source of phosphorus along with potassium, magnesium, and copper, benefiting plant growth and soil health.
Steamed bone meal and fish bone meal stand out as exceptional sources of mineral phosphorus, providing a natural boost to plant growth and development.
Bat guano is known for its high phosphorus content, and it serves as an excellent phosphorus source, particularly beneficial for container plants like cannabis due to its concentrated nutrient profile.
Animal manures, such as chicken and pig manure, serve as excellent natural phosphorus sources. While chicken manure is generally safe for cannabis, pig manure may harbor parasites and pathogens. So, consider hot composting pig manure before applying it to your cannabis plant.
By incorporating these natural phosphorus sources into your cultivation practices, you can enrich the soil, promote healthy plant growth, and minimize the risk of phosphorus toxicity, all while embracing organic and sustainable gardening methods.
Phosphorus toxicity isn't as common as deficiency. However, if it occurs, it can still harm cannabis plants. Excessive phosphorus levels can wreak by impeding the absorption of crucial nutrients such as calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc. Among these, zinc is particularly vulnerable to blockage by excess phosphorus. If you’re growing soil, there could also be a hindered formation of mycorrhizae, which can compromise nutrient absorption and plant health
Therefore, it's imperative to monitor other nutrient deficiencies to gauge the severity of phosphorus excess. If your cannabis soil has too much phosphorus, your plant may exhibit symptoms of toxicity, even when provided with a standard amount of the element. This can lead to these symptoms that can hinder plant growth and development.
You must recognize and address these symptoms promptly; it is crucial to mitigating the adverse effects of excess phosphorus and restoring optimal nutrient balance in cannabis plants. Regular monitoring of nutrient levels and soil conditions can help prevent imbalances and promote healthy plant growth.
Here are a few symptoms of phosphorus toxicity in cannabis plants:
Leaf Discoloration
The leaves will sometimes exhibit the same symptoms as a deficiency, so the leaves may turn blue at times. This unusual coloring may occur when phosphorus builds up in leaf tissues, disrupting the production of chlorophyll and photosynthesis. Additionally affected leaves might look shiny, like they are coated with wax. This is similar to nitrogen toxicity but you can differentiate between them easily because nitrogen toxicity typically causes the leaves to curl and appear like claws.
Leaf Tip Burn
One classic symptom of excessive nutrients in cannabis plants is that the leaf tips appear burnt, and phosphorus is no exception. In some cases, the leaves turn brown or black from the edges and move inward. Again, you'll see these symptoms occurring on the older mature leaves at first. Then, it spreads to the younger ones. The tips of the leaves look burnt because of an excess of phosphorus that interferes with cell processes, causing tissue damage.
Leaf Curling
Leaves suffering from phosphorus toxicity may curl downward or inward with crispy or brittle edges. This curling is a response to stress caused by high levels of phosphorus. The changes in the shape of the leaves show how the plant is trying to use water and save energy to deal with the imbalance.
Stunted Growth
Even though phosphorus is necessary for plant growth, having too much of it can actually slow down growth. Plants might look smaller or stunted. The internodes could be small with smaller leaves compared to other plants despite the same age. Excessive phosphorus can mess up the balance and metabolic processes which affects cell division and elongation, thereby stopping the plant from growing to its maximum potential.
Yellowing Between Veins
When the plants are deficient in phosphorus, the leaves turn yellow. But, when phosphorus is available in large amounts, the same can occur between the veins instead. In such cases, the veins stay green while the tissue around them turns yellow. This pattern of discoloration signals a problem with how the plant is absorbing the nutrients because excessive levels of phosphorus could be getting in the way of other nutrients being absorbed properly.
When faced with an excess of phosphorus in your cannabis plants, you should flush your plant to restore balance and prevent further damage. Here's how to flush your plants effectively:
Prepare the Flush Solution
Mix water with enzymes, which act as salt breakers, to facilitate the cleansing process. Ensure the pH of the flushing solution is stable and appropriate for the plant's current life stage.
Determine Flushing Volume
Use a volume of flushing solution that is at least three times the capacity of the pot in which your cannabis plant is growing. This ensures thorough flushing and removal of excess phosphorus from the root zone.
Flushing Process
Carefully pour the flushing solution over the soil, allowing it to saturate the entire root zone. Ensure that the excess solution drains out of the bottom of the pot to prevent waterlogging
Repeat if Necessary
Depending on the severity of the phosphorus excess, you may need to repeat the flushing process multiple times until you observe improvement in the plant's symptoms and soil nutrient levels.
Monitor and Adjust
After flushing, monitor your plant closely for any signs of improvement or lingering issues. You should also adjust your nutrient regimen and watering schedule as needed to maintain optimal nutrient balance for your cannabis plant.
By flushing your cannabis plants with the appropriate solution and volume, you can effectively remove excess phosphorus and promote a healthier growing environment for your plant. Remember to monitor your plants regularly and take correct measures to prevent nutrient imbalances in the future.
In conclusion, both phosphorus toxicity and deficiency are never a good sign for cannabis cultivators, but armed with knowledge and proactive measures, you can effectively manage them. You must recognize the symptoms and help your plants immediately.
Then, you can use various types of fertilizers to correct the deficiency and prevent it from happening again. For toxicity, make sure the pH levels are accurate to the plants can absorb the nutrient correctly. That’s it. Stay tuned to learn more about solving common nutrient problems with cannabis plants.
