Yellow butterfly came to see me the other day; that was nice. Starting to show signs of stress on the odd leaf, localized isolated blips, blemishes, who said growing up was going to be easy! Smaller leaves have less surface area for stomata to occupy, so the stomata are packed more densely to maintain adequate gas exchange. Smaller leaves might have higher stomatal density to compensate for their smaller size, potentially maximizing carbon uptake and minimizing water loss. Environmental conditions like light intensity and water availability can influence stomatal density, and these factors can affect leaf size as well. Leaf development involves cell division and expansion, and stomatal differentiation is sensitive to these processes. In essence, the smaller leaf size can lead to a higher stomatal density due to the constraints of available space and the need to optimize gas exchange for photosynthesis and transpiration. In the long term, UV-B radiation can lead to more complex changes in stomatal morphology, including effects on both stomatal density and size, potentially impacting carbon sequestration and water use. In essence, UV-B can be a double-edged sword for stomata: It can induce stomatal closure and potentially reduce stomatal size, but it may also trigger an increase in stomatal density as a compensatory mechanism. It is generally more efficient for gas exchange to have smaller leaves with a higher stomatal density, rather than large leaves with lower stomatal density. This is because smaller stomata can facilitate faster gas exchange due to shorter diffusion pathways, even though they may have the same total pore area as fewer, larger stomata. Leaf size tends to decrease in colder climates to reduce heat loss, while larger leaves are more common in warmer, humid environments. Plants in arid regions often develop smaller leaves with a thicker cuticle and/or hairs to minimize water loss through transpiration. Conversely, plants in wet environments may have larger leaves and drip tips to facilitate water runoff. Leaf size and shape can vary based on light availability. For example, leaves in shaded areas may be larger and thinner to maximize light absorption. Leaf mass per area (LMA) can be higher in stressful environments with limited nutrients, indicating a greater investment in structural components for protection and critical resource conservation. Wind speed, humidity, and soil conditions can also influence leaf morphology, leading to variations in leaf shape, size, and surface characteristics. Small leaves: Reduce water loss in arid or cold climates. Environmental conditions significantly affect gene expression in plants. Plants are sessile organisms, meaning they cannot move to escape unfavorable conditions, so they rely on gene expression to adapt to their surroundings. Environmental factors like light, temperature, water, and nutrient availability can trigger changes in gene expression, allowing plants to respond to and survive in diverse environments. Depending on the environment a young seedling encounters, the developmental program following seed germination could be skotomorphogenesis in the dark or photomorphogenesis in the light. Light signals are interpreted by a repertoire of photoreceptors followed by sophisticated gene expression networks, eventually resulting in developmental changes. The expression and functions of photoreceptors and key signaling molecules are highly coordinated and regulated at multiple levels of the central dogma in molecular biology. Light activates gene expression through the actions of positive transcriptional regulators and the relaxation of chromatin by histone acetylation. Small regulatory RNAs help attenuate the expression of light-responsive genes. Alternative splicing, protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, the formation of diverse transcriptional complexes, and selective protein degradation all contribute to proteome diversity and change the functions of individual proteins. Photomorphogenesis, the light-driven developmental changes in plants, significantly impacts gene expression. It involves a cascade of events where light signals, perceived by photoreceptors, trigger changes in gene expression patterns, ultimately leading to the development of a plant in response to its light environment. Genes are expressed, not dictated! While having the potential to encode proteins, genes are not automatically and constantly active. Instead, their expression (the process of turning them into proteins) is carefully regulated by the cell, responding to internal and external signals. This means that genes can be "turned on" or "turned off," and the level of expression can be adjusted, depending on the cell's needs and the surrounding environment. In plants, genes are not simply "on" or "off" but rather their expression is carefully regulated based on various factors, including the cell type, developmental stage, and environmental conditions. This means that while all cells in a plant contain the same genetic information (the same genes), different cells will express different subsets of those genes at different times. This regulation is crucial for the proper functioning and development of the plant. When a green plant is exposed to red light, much of the red light is absorbed, but some is also reflected back. The reflected red light, along with any blue light reflected from other parts of the plant, can be perceived by our eyes as purple. Carotenoids absorb light in blue-green region of the visible spectrum, complementing chlorophyll's absorption in the red region. They safeguard the photosynthetic machinery from excessive light by activating singlet oxygen, an oxidant formed during photosynthesis. Carotenoids also quench triplet chlorophyll, which can negatively affect photosynthesis, and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular proteins. Additionally, carotenoid derivatives signal plant development and responses to environmental cues. They serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of phytohormones such as abscisic acid () and strigolactones (SLs). These pigments are responsible for the orange, red, and yellow hues of fruits and vegetables, while acting as free scavengers to protect plants during photosynthesis. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is an electronically excited state of molecular oxygen (O₂). Singlet oxygen is produced as a byproduct during photosynthesis, primarily within the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center and light-harvesting antenna complex. This occurs when excess energy from excited chlorophyll molecules is transferred to molecular oxygen. While singlet oxygen can cause oxidative damage, plants have mechanisms to manage its production and mitigate its harmful effects. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is considered a reactive oxygen species (ROS). It's a form of oxygen with higher energy and reactivity compared to the more common triplet oxygen found in its ground state. Singlet oxygen is generated both in biological systems, such as during photosynthesis in plants, and in cellular processes, and through chemical and photochemical reactions. While singlet oxygen is a ROS, it's important to note that it differs from other ROS like superoxide (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in its formation, reactivity, and specific biological roles. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) protects plants from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by dissipating excess light energy as heat. This process reduces the overexcitation of photosynthetic pigments, which can lead to the production of ROS, thus mitigating the potential for photodamage. Zeaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment, plays a crucial role in photoprotection in plants by both enhancing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In high-light conditions, zeaxanthin is synthesized from violaxanthin through the xanthophyll cycle, and this zeaxanthin then facilitates heat dissipation of excess light energy (NPQ) and quenches harmful ROS. The Issue of Singlet Oxygen!! ROS Formation: Blue light, with its higher energy photons, can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, within the plant. Potential Damage: High levels of ROS can damage cellular components, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, potentially impacting plant health and productivity. Balancing Act: A balanced spectrum of light, including both blue and red light, is crucial for mitigating the harmful effects of excessive blue light and promoting optimal plant growth and stress tolerance. The Importance of Red Light: Red light (especially far-red) can help to mitigate the negative effects of excessive blue light by: Balancing the Photoreceptor Response: Red light can influence the activity of photoreceptors like phytochrome, which are involved in regulating plant responses to different light wavelengths. Enhancing Antioxidant Production: Red and blue light can stimulate the production of antioxidants, which help to neutralize ROS and protect the plant from oxidative damage. Optimizing Photosynthesis: Red light is efficiently used in photosynthesis, and its combination with blue light can lead to increased photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production. In controlled environments like greenhouses and vertical farms, optimizing the ratio of blue and red light is a key strategy for promoting healthy plant growth and yield. Understanding the interplay between blue light signaling, ROS production, and antioxidant defense mechanisms can inform breeding programs and biotechnological interventions aimed at improving plant stress resistance. In summary, while blue light is essential for plant development and photosynthesis, it's crucial to balance it with other light wavelengths, particularly red light, to prevent excessive ROS formation and promote overall plant health. Oxidative damage in plants occurs when there's an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the plant's ability to neutralize them, leading to cellular damage. This imbalance, known as oxidative stress, can result from various environmental stressors, affecting plant growth, development, and overall productivity. Causes of Oxidative Damage: Abiotic stresses: These include extreme temperatures (heat and cold), drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and excessive light. Biotic stresses: Pathogen attacks and insect infestations can also trigger oxidative stress. Metabolic processes: Normal cellular activities, particularly in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, can generate ROS as byproducts. Certain chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediates can produce singlet oxygen (1O2), a potent ROS, leading to oxidative damage. ROS can damage lipids (lipid peroxidation), proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (DNA). Oxidative stress can compromise the integrity of cell membranes, affecting their function and permeability. Oxidative damage can interfere with essential cellular functions, including photosynthesis, respiration, and signal transduction. In severe cases, oxidative stress can trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis). Oxidative damage can lead to stunted growth, reduced biomass, and lower crop yields. Plants have evolved intricate antioxidant defense systems to counteract oxidative stress. These include: Enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and various peroxidases scavenge ROS and neutralize their damaging effects. Antioxidant molecules like glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), C60 fullerene, and carotenoids directly neutralize ROS. Developing plant varieties with gene expression focused on enhanced antioxidant capacity and stress tolerance is crucial. Optimizing irrigation, fertilization, and other management practices can help minimize stress and oxidative damage. Applying antioxidant compounds or elicitors can help plants cope with oxidative stress. Introducing genes for enhanced antioxidant enzymes or stress-related proteins over generations. Phytohormones, also known as plant hormones, are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds that regulate plant growth, development, and various physiological processes. The five major classes of phytohormones are: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. In addition to these, other phytohormones like brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and salicylates also play significant roles. Here's a breakdown of the key phytohormones: Auxins: Primarily involved in cell elongation, root initiation, and apical dominance. Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering. Cytokinins: Stimulate cell division and differentiation, and delay leaf senescence. Ethylene: Regulates fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and senescence. Abscisic acid (ABA): Plays a role in seed dormancy, stomatal closure, and stress responses. Brassinosteroids: Involved in cell elongation, division, and stress responses. Jasmonates: Regulate plant defense against pathogens and herbivores, as well as other processes. Salicylic acid: Plays a role in plant defense against pathogens. 1. Red and Far-Red Light (Phytochromes): Red light: Primarily activates the phytochrome system, converting it to its active form (Pfr), which promotes processes like stem elongation and flowering. Far-red light: Inhibits the phytochrome system by converting the active Pfr form back to the inactive Pr form. This can trigger shade avoidance responses and inhibit germination. Phytohormones: Red and far-red light regulate phytohormones like auxin and gibberellins, which are involved in stem elongation and other growth processes. 2. Blue Light (Cryptochromes and Phototropins): Blue light: Activates cryptochromes and phototropins, which are involved in various processes like stomatal opening, seedling de-etiolation, and phototropism (growth towards light). Phytohormones: Blue light affects auxin levels, influencing stem growth, and also impacts other phytohormones involved in these processes. Example: Blue light can promote vegetative growth and can interact with red light to promote flowering. 3. UV-B Light (UV-B Receptors): UV-B light: Perceived by UVR8 receptors, it can affect plant growth and development and has roles in stress responses, like UV protection. Phytohormones: UV-B light can influence phytohormones involved in stress responses, potentially affecting growth and development. 4. Other Colors: Green light: Plants are generally less sensitive to green light, as chlorophyll reflects it. Other wavelengths: While less studied, other wavelengths can also influence plant growth and development through interactions with different photoreceptors and phytohormones. Key Points: Cross-Signaling: Plants often experience a mix of light wavelengths, leading to complex interactions between different photoreceptors and phytohormones. Species Variability: The precise effects of light color on phytohormones can vary between different plant species. Hormonal Interactions: Phytohormones don't act in isolation; their interactions and interplay with other phytohormones and environmental signals are critical for plant responses. The spectral ratio of light (the composition of different colors of light) significantly influences a plant's hormonal balance. Different wavelengths of light are perceived by specific photoreceptors in plants, which in turn regulate the production and activity of various plant hormones (phytohormones). These hormones then control a wide range of developmental processes.

Took a bit of a stretch

###Deutscher Text unten The week started well until I noticed the yellow tips on day 24. I had actually ruled out overfertilization as I hadn't fertilized at all. Apparently, however, the nitrogen is released/absorbed irregularly in pre-fertilized soil. The Floragard Grow Mix is apparently very strong and more suitable for photoperiodic plants. I skipped the planned fertilization with Terra Vega accordingly. However, my girls survived the whole thing well and have now entered the flowering phase. On day 29, I gave them their first fertilization with Terra Flores. I'm currently watering one liter every 2 days. I had problems getting the humidity down. It was actually always over 60% in the grow tent. I had to open the tent and set up a dehumidifier in the room, so I get 40-50 LF, but the room also gets quite warm from the dehumidifier and half the house “smells” of the three ladies. Not ideal, the next grow will go outside in June. I have the feeling that I should defoliate the plants to give the buds more light. But I don't want to stress the plant, especially as it's an automatic. .... So far I've only tried to pinch off the large leaves. Maybe you have some advice for me! ###Deutsch: Die Woche begann gut, bis ich die gelben Spitzen am Tag 24 bemerkte. Eine Überdüngung hatte ich eigentlich ausgeschlossen da ich noch gar nicht gedüngt hatte. Anscheinend wird der Stickstoff in vorgedüngter Erde aber unregelmäßig abgegeben/aufgenommen. Der Floragard Grow Mix ist anscheinend doch sehr scharf und eher was für photperiodische Pflanzen. Die geplante Düngung mit Terra Vega habe ich entsprechend ausgelassen. Meine Mädels haben das ganze aber gut überstanden und sind jetzt in die Blütephase übergegangen. Am Tag 29 gab es dann doch eine erste Düngung mit Terra Flores. Ich gieße im Moment einen Liter alle 2 Tage. Hatte Probleme die Luftfeuchtigkeit runterzubekommen. Im Growzelt waren es eigentlich imm über 60%. Musste das Zelt öffnen und im Raum einen Entfeuchter aufstellen, so komme ich auf 40-50 LF, aber der Raum wird auch ziemlich warm durch den Entfeuchter und das halbe Haus "duftet" nach den drei Damen. Nicht optimal, der nächste Grow geht im Juni nach draußen. Ich habe das Gefühl, dass ich die Pflanzen entlauben sollte um den Buds mehr Licht zu geben. Ich will aber die Pflanze nicht stressen, vor allem weil es eine Automatic ist....Habe bis jetzt nur versucht die großen Blätte runterzudrücken. Vielleicht habt ihr ja einen Rat für mich!

+ Day 75: Harvested !!! Now Drying !!! +

End of week 5 laddies are doing great

Day 51-26 Fed 2 L till run off . She was thirsty from no feeding yesterday but humidity still fighting hard in the high 50s Day 52-27- Fed 1.5 L Starting to lower nutes Day 53-28- Fed 1.5L Day54-29 Fed 1.5L Day 55-30 Missed Day 56-31 Fed 2.5 L Day 57-32 None Day 58-33 Fed 2L Day 58-34 No feed Day 35 Feed2 L Day 59-36 In one Day60-37 Fed 2L Day 61-38 None Day. 62-39 Feed 3 L . 1st L plain ones water as no run off last few days Then fed 2L with nutes Day 63-40 None Day 64-41 None Day 65-42 Fed 2L Day 66-43 Nothing - starting to see fading I think . Might start flushing in next few days Day 67-44 Fed 2.5 L Say 68-45 None

Same as it always is

Esta semana he empezado a regar solo con agua en teoría las plantas son de 55-60 días aproximadamente y el día 19 cumplen 60 días.. aunque los tricomas están 50% blancos y 50% transparentes espero que maduren un poco más durante esta semana por que ya tienen bastantes signos de carencia en las hojas que les quedan por que se le han caído bastantes también

started with the supplements. trichomes started to appear already on some plants. still getting higher i hope it stops this week.

Day 28, start of week 5. Girls are starting to drink a little more. Been foot on the gas with the nutes. Mystery bean got a little tip burn but nothing crazy. First water of the week will be another feed then we’ll finally fill the watering bases with plain water and let em go. Been using them just for runoff really. Gas goblins the only one with some trich production and a sweet tang in the nose so far. Stay tuned.

Next week harvest!!!

Our sweet lady survived a week of raind and intense wind, the golden rope you see was helping the buds to stay still and to help save branches from breaking. The lady is super sugary and sticky right now, but the buds seem like they are not gonna thicken more than that. This plant has been stressed multiple times during her lifetime, from broken branches to light overdose, she has been kept away from direct sunlight since than, so this is the cause we attribute to this slower growth. Our biggest doubt is about harvest time. The buds do not seem big at all, but they look very orange and the breed's harvest is said to be in mid October, so we should start flushing! While I think we should wait untill the last week of the month, F. says i's almost time for drying. 😵😲 Looking at some pics of last year's harvest I am afraid this lady is not going to produce as much as we tought, maybe because this is our first experience with so many nutrients. Hope someone can help about harvest and buds overall look 😬😬

Привет друзья. 10.01.24 Harvest 15% 14.01.24 Harvest 100% 27.12 перестал кормить и начал проливать чистой водой 20.10 перевёл свет в режим 12/12 Начал применять LST технику на 19 дне, а 18 августа добавил ДЕФОЛИЗАЦИЮ С 20.08 ДЕФОЛИЗАЦИЮ С 20.08 LST технику На сегодняшний день влажность 54% 5.09.2023 заметил высокий Ph 7.9 С 48 дня Ph не ниже 5.8 На сегодняшний день Ph 6.0 Начал кормить с 60 дня Canna Terra Vega PPM 150 Всем мира и добра! Не забудь поставить лайк❤️, если понравилась как прошла неделя И читайте наш TELEGRAM: https://t.me/smail_seeds #Smail_Seeds 😀 Перевод

Letzte Woche! Einmal noch gießen aber nur wenig damit die bissl trockenstress haben und trichome nochmal anziehen. Keinen Dünger mehr und nur noch ph neutrales Wasser. Geruch ist super geil! Aussehen ist auch ne 10/10. bin sehr gespannt aufs Endprodukt!

Plant is looking great so far just adjusted the light to It's full capacity. Day 23 first day of Diary.

Strain: Divine Seeds – Auto Candy Grow Type: Indoor Pot Size: 7 Gallon Medium: Peat Moss & Perlite Nutrient Line: Athena (Bloom) Week 6 Update Her bud sites are looking huge this week she’s really starting to fill out! 😎 I can already tell these are going to be some big girls in the coming weeks. Things have been great; she’s focused on fattening those buds while taking her nutrients perfectly with zero issues or deficiencies. She’s loving the environment and pushing through flower strong. Feeding 1.9 L Athena Bloom nutrient mix (steady from this point). Indoor Climate Conditions Temperature: 26°C Humidity: 48% VPD: 1.8 kPa See y’all next week!

Beautiful Lemon Kush by female seeds😍all of the airy buds went in with trim to create some CannaButter😍 there is 5oz from wetness, hopefully cure 2oz. Next ones are purple lemonade by fast buds