You can guess. Sometimes it'll be more certain than others. When it gets pollinate, stigmata die. So if they turn color way too soon, that's a good hint it's been pollinated.
As far as after harvest -- if the seeds aren't physically popping out of the buds, kinda hard to tell.
finding a seed or 2 per plant is sometimes inevitable. Even if you scour the plants for nanners and such, you'll miss one, or one will grow hidden under a layer of calyxes. Immaculate conception is a fairy tale.
if heavily seeded, you had a pollen sac. Make bubble hash (ice water hash) - a sieve extraction won't be contaminated by seeds present.