I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts. Seedling managing 93F 30%RH, around 20 DLI. Vpd is in the 3's. No I don't recommend. Germination date is May 22nd, 80 days auto would be August 10. Color change from 24th to 25th, that's the roots penetrating the recycled paper pot and into the high-carbon soil. The plant nutrient nitrogen exists in forms with both positive and negative charges. Ammonium (NH4+)(immobile in soil)(Cation) has a positive charge, while nitrate (NO3-) (highly mobile in soil)(Anion)has a negative charge. Nitrogen is unique among plant nutrients in that it can exist in both positively charged (ammonium, NH₄⁺) and negatively charged (nitrate, NO₃⁻) forms in the soil. This makes it a special nutrient. In that it is responsible for providing balance for reactionary trade offs when it comes to ph. Because ph itself in the medium will always slowly drift towards acidicity, such is nature. 80% of nitrogen should be nitrate and no more than 20% ammoniacal nitrogen. Ca, mg, and K are the big 3 cations related to soil composition, pH & base saturation. When nitrogen is in the form of ammonium, it can compete with calcium, magnesium, and potassium for absorption sites in the plant root. This competition can lead to a reduction in the uptake of these other essential nutrients. Nitrogen, particularly in its nitrate form (NO3-), can increase soil acidity, which can also affect the availability of calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The form of nitrogen applied (ammonium vs. nitrate) can influence its interactions with other nutrients. Ammonium nitrogen can have a more pronounced negative effect on the uptake of calcium, magnesium, and potassium compared to nitrate nitrogen. Nitrate (NO3-): This is the form of nitrogen most easily absorbed by plants. It's also the most mobile in the soil, meaning it can be easily leached away by water. Ammonium (NH4+): This form of nitrogen is less mobile and is held more tightly by soil particles. It needs to be converted to nitrate by soil bacteria before plants can readily use it. Factors like soil temperature, moisture, and pH influence the conversion of ammonium to nitrate and the overall availability of nitrogen. The ideal pH for the conversion of ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) through nitrification is typically between 6.5 and 9.0, with the optimal range being above 7.5 and below 8.5. This process is carried out by bacteria and is sensitive to pH levels, with acidic conditions being particularly unfavorable. nitrification, the process of converting ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-), typically leads to a decrease in pH. This is because the process releases hydrogen ions (H+), which increase the acidity of the solution and lower the pH. Common forms of ammonium nitrogen include ammonium ion (NH4+), urea, and ammonium compounds like ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium phosphate. Common forms of nitrate nitrogen include potassium nitrate (KNO3), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Phosphorus & Oxygen. Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient, and its availability in the soil is strongly linked to the presence of oxygen. Plants primarily absorb phosphorus as phosphate (PO4), and oxygen is a key component of this molecule. Furthermore, the availability of phosphorus in the soil can be impacted by factors like soil aeration and temperature, which in turn affect the oxygen supply to the roots. Phosphorus uptake in plants is most critical during the early stages of growth, particularly within the first few weeks of plant development. Young plants actively growing tissues have a high demand for phosphorus. They may absorb up to 75% of their total phosphorus requirements within the first few weeks of vegetative growth, with up to 51% of uptake happening overnight, primarily in the first few hours of nightfall. (Controlled comditions) but worth noting. Anaerobic root respiration, or respiration without oxygen, is detrimental to plants because it's less efficient and produces toxic byproducts, leading to reduced energy production, nutrient uptake issues, and ultimately, root damage and plant stress. Anaerobic respiration, unlike aerobic respiration, doesn't utilize oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. This results in a significant drop in the amount of energy (ATP) produced, which is necessary for various plant functions, including growth, nutrient uptake, and maintenance of cellular processes. In the absence of oxygen, plants produce byproducts like ethanol and lactic acid during anaerobic fermentation. These byproducts can be toxic to the roots and inhibit their function, When oxygen is depleted in a medium, the pH tends to decrease (become more acidic) due to the production of metabolic byproducts. This is particularly relevant in biological systems where aerobic respiration relies on oxygen as the final electron acceptor. When oxygen is scarce, plants may switch to anaerobic respiration. This process produces carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct.CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This acid lowers the pH of the medium, making it more acidic. Anaerobic conditions can impair a plant's ability to regulate its internal pH, leading to a drop in cytoplasmic pH and potentially cellular acidosis. The change in pH can also affect the availability of certain nutrients to the plant, as pH influences the solubility of micronutrients like iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and boron. The lack of oxygen in the plant medium leads to a decrease in pH due to the production of carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration and impaired pH regulation within the plant. In plant cells, cellular acidosis, a drop in the internal pH of the cytosol, is a significant stress response, particularly during conditions like flooding or hypoxia. This acidification can be triggered by a decrease in oxygen levels, leading to the production of metabolic byproducts like lactic acid and CO2. The plant's ability to tolerate and recover from these conditions depends on its cellular mechanisms to regulate pH and mitigate the effects of acidosis. When plants are subjected to low oxygen environments, such as those experienced during flooding, anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactic acid and ethanol, becomes the primary source of energy. This can lead to a build-up of these acidic metabolites in the cytosol, causing a drop in pH. Critical to understand if you ask me. Oxygen & Ozone, and its relation to Ultraviolet light. Atomic oxygen (single oxygen atom, O) is the lightest form of oxygen, as it has the lowest mass of the oxygen molecules. Oxygen also exists as a diatomic molecule (O2) and an allotrope called ozone (O3), which have higher masses due to the number of oxygen atoms combined. Atomic Oxygen (O): This refers to a single oxygen atom, which is the most fundamental form of oxygen. Molecular Oxygen (O2): This is the common form of oxygen we breathe, consisting of two oxygen atoms bonded together. Ozone (O3): This is an allotrope of oxygen, meaning it's a different form of the same element, consisting of three oxygen atoms bonded together. Since atomic oxygen has the fewest oxygen atoms, it naturally has the lowest mass compared to O2 or O3. Ozone (O3) Lifespan: Ozone has a relatively long lifespan in the stratosphere, particularly at lower altitudes. For example, at 32 km in the middle latitudes during spring, ozone has a lifetime of about 2 months. Oxygen (O) Lifespan: Atomic oxygen, on the other hand, has a much shorter lifespan. At the same altitude, its lifetime is about 4/100ths of a second. Ozone-Oxygen Cycle: The ozone-oxygen cycle involves the rapid exchange between atomic oxygen (O) and ozone (O3). UV radiation can split molecular oxygen (O2) into atomic oxygen (O), which then reacts with O2 to form ozone (O3). Ozone can also be photolyzed by UV radiation, creating atomic oxygen again, which can then react with O3 to reform O2. Dominant Form: The partitioning of odd oxygen (Ox) between ozone and atomic oxygen favors ozone in the lower stratosphere. This means that a much larger proportion of odd oxygen exists as ozone than as atomic oxygen, especially in the lower stratosphere. Recombination: Atomic oxygen has a high energy and reactivity. When it encounters another oxygen atom, they can combine to form O2. This process releases energy, contributing to the heating of the atmosphere. Ozone Formation: Atomic oxygen can also react with molecular oxygen (O2) to form ozone (O3). Ozone plays a significant role in absorbing harmful UV radiation. Other Reactions: Atomic oxygen can react with various other molecules in the atmosphere, like nitrogen (N2), water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2), forming different compounds. UV light below 240nm (peak 185nm) creates ozone (O₃) through a process called photolysis, where UV light breaks down dioxygen molecules (O₂) into single atomic oxygen atoms (O). These single oxygen atoms then react with other oxygen molecules to form ozone (O₃). Specifically, UV-C light with wavelengths shorter than 240 nm can cause this photolysis. UV light with wavelengths between 240-280 nm, (peak 254 nm) breaks down ozone (O₃) into dioxygen molecules (O₂) and atomic oxygen atoms (O). 280nm does not have the energy potential to break apart the stable bond of (O₂) into enough (O) to make (O₃) At ground level, atomic oxygen (single oxygen atoms) has a very short lifespan. This is because it's highly reactive and quickly combines with other molecules to form stable diatomic oxygen (O2) or other compounds. While the exact timeframe varies depending on the specific circumstances, its lifespan is typically measured in nanoseconds or picoseconds.