Yellow butterfly came to see me the other day; that was nice. Starting to show signs of stress on the odd leaf, localized isolated blips, blemishes, who said growing up was going to be easy! Smaller leaves have less surface area for stomata to occupy, so the stomata are packed more densely to maintain adequate gas exchange. Smaller leaves might have higher stomatal density to compensate for their smaller size, potentially maximizing carbon uptake and minimizing water loss. Environmental conditions like light intensity and water availability can influence stomatal density, and these factors can affect leaf size as well. Leaf development involves cell division and expansion, and stomatal differentiation is sensitive to these processes. In essence, the smaller leaf size can lead to a higher stomatal density due to the constraints of available space and the need to optimize gas exchange for photosynthesis and transpiration. In the long term, UV-B radiation can lead to more complex changes in stomatal morphology, including effects on both stomatal density and size, potentially impacting carbon sequestration and water use. In essence, UV-B can be a double-edged sword for stomata: It can induce stomatal closure and potentially reduce stomatal size, but it may also trigger an increase in stomatal density as a compensatory mechanism. It is generally more efficient for gas exchange to have smaller leaves with a higher stomatal density, rather than large leaves with lower stomatal density. This is because smaller stomata can facilitate faster gas exchange due to shorter diffusion pathways, even though they may have the same total pore area as fewer, larger stomata. Leaf size tends to decrease in colder climates to reduce heat loss, while larger leaves are more common in warmer, humid environments. Plants in arid regions often develop smaller leaves with a thicker cuticle and/or hairs to minimize water loss through transpiration. Conversely, plants in wet environments may have larger leaves and drip tips to facilitate water runoff. Leaf size and shape can vary based on light availability. For example, leaves in shaded areas may be larger and thinner to maximize light absorption. Leaf mass per area (LMA) can be higher in stressful environments with limited nutrients, indicating a greater investment in structural components for protection and critical resource conservation. Wind speed, humidity, and soil conditions can also influence leaf morphology, leading to variations in leaf shape, size, and surface characteristics. Small leaves: Reduce water loss in arid or cold climates. Environmental conditions significantly affect gene expression in plants. Plants are sessile organisms, meaning they cannot move to escape unfavorable conditions, so they rely on gene expression to adapt to their surroundings. Environmental factors like light, temperature, water, and nutrient availability can trigger changes in gene expression, allowing plants to respond to and survive in diverse environments. Depending on the environment a young seedling encounters, the developmental program following seed germination could be skotomorphogenesis in the dark or photomorphogenesis in the light. Light signals are interpreted by a repertoire of photoreceptors followed by sophisticated gene expression networks, eventually resulting in developmental changes. The expression and functions of photoreceptors and key signaling molecules are highly coordinated and regulated at multiple levels of the central dogma in molecular biology. Light activates gene expression through the actions of positive transcriptional regulators and the relaxation of chromatin by histone acetylation. Small regulatory RNAs help attenuate the expression of light-responsive genes. Alternative splicing, protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, the formation of diverse transcriptional complexes, and selective protein degradation all contribute to proteome diversity and change the functions of individual proteins. Photomorphogenesis, the light-driven developmental changes in plants, significantly impacts gene expression. It involves a cascade of events where light signals, perceived by photoreceptors, trigger changes in gene expression patterns, ultimately leading to the development of a plant in response to its light environment. Genes are expressed, not dictated! While having the potential to encode proteins, genes are not automatically and constantly active. Instead, their expression (the process of turning them into proteins) is carefully regulated by the cell, responding to internal and external signals. This means that genes can be "turned on" or "turned off," and the level of expression can be adjusted, depending on the cell's needs and the surrounding environment. In plants, genes are not simply "on" or "off" but rather their expression is carefully regulated based on various factors, including the cell type, developmental stage, and environmental conditions. This means that while all cells in a plant contain the same genetic information (the same genes), different cells will express different subsets of those genes at different times. This regulation is crucial for the proper functioning and development of the plant. When a green plant is exposed to red light, much of the red light is absorbed, but some is also reflected back. The reflected red light, along with any blue light reflected from other parts of the plant, can be perceived by our eyes as purple. Carotenoids absorb light in blue-green region of the visible spectrum, complementing chlorophyll's absorption in the red region. They safeguard the photosynthetic machinery from excessive light by activating singlet oxygen, an oxidant formed during photosynthesis. Carotenoids also quench triplet chlorophyll, which can negatively affect photosynthesis, and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular proteins. Additionally, carotenoid derivatives signal plant development and responses to environmental cues. They serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of phytohormones such as abscisic acid () and strigolactones (SLs). These pigments are responsible for the orange, red, and yellow hues of fruits and vegetables, while acting as free scavengers to protect plants during photosynthesis. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is an electronically excited state of molecular oxygen (O₂). Singlet oxygen is produced as a byproduct during photosynthesis, primarily within the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center and light-harvesting antenna complex. This occurs when excess energy from excited chlorophyll molecules is transferred to molecular oxygen. While singlet oxygen can cause oxidative damage, plants have mechanisms to manage its production and mitigate its harmful effects. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is considered a reactive oxygen species (ROS). It's a form of oxygen with higher energy and reactivity compared to the more common triplet oxygen found in its ground state. Singlet oxygen is generated both in biological systems, such as during photosynthesis in plants, and in cellular processes, and through chemical and photochemical reactions. While singlet oxygen is a ROS, it's important to note that it differs from other ROS like superoxide (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in its formation, reactivity, and specific biological roles. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) protects plants from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by dissipating excess light energy as heat. This process reduces the overexcitation of photosynthetic pigments, which can lead to the production of ROS, thus mitigating the potential for photodamage. Zeaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment, plays a crucial role in photoprotection in plants by both enhancing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In high-light conditions, zeaxanthin is synthesized from violaxanthin through the xanthophyll cycle, and this zeaxanthin then facilitates heat dissipation of excess light energy (NPQ) and quenches harmful ROS. The Issue of Singlet Oxygen!! ROS Formation: Blue light, with its higher energy photons, can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, within the plant. Potential Damage: High levels of ROS can damage cellular components, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, potentially impacting plant health and productivity. Balancing Act: A balanced spectrum of light, including both blue and red light, is crucial for mitigating the harmful effects of excessive blue light and promoting optimal plant growth and stress tolerance. The Importance of Red Light: Red light (especially far-red) can help to mitigate the negative effects of excessive blue light by: Balancing the Photoreceptor Response: Red light can influence the activity of photoreceptors like phytochrome, which are involved in regulating plant responses to different light wavelengths. Enhancing Antioxidant Production: Red and blue light can stimulate the production of antioxidants, which help to neutralize ROS and protect the plant from oxidative damage. Optimizing Photosynthesis: Red light is efficiently used in photosynthesis, and its combination with blue light can lead to increased photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production. In controlled environments like greenhouses and vertical farms, optimizing the ratio of blue and red light is a key strategy for promoting healthy plant growth and yield. Understanding the interplay between blue light signaling, ROS production, and antioxidant defense mechanisms can inform breeding programs and biotechnological interventions aimed at improving plant stress resistance. In summary, while blue light is essential for plant development and photosynthesis, it's crucial to balance it with other light wavelengths, particularly red light, to prevent excessive ROS formation and promote overall plant health. Oxidative damage in plants occurs when there's an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the plant's ability to neutralize them, leading to cellular damage. This imbalance, known as oxidative stress, can result from various environmental stressors, affecting plant growth, development, and overall productivity. Causes of Oxidative Damage: Abiotic stresses: These include extreme temperatures (heat and cold), drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and excessive light. Biotic stresses: Pathogen attacks and insect infestations can also trigger oxidative stress. Metabolic processes: Normal cellular activities, particularly in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, can generate ROS as byproducts. Certain chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediates can produce singlet oxygen (1O2), a potent ROS, leading to oxidative damage. ROS can damage lipids (lipid peroxidation), proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (DNA). Oxidative stress can compromise the integrity of cell membranes, affecting their function and permeability. Oxidative damage can interfere with essential cellular functions, including photosynthesis, respiration, and signal transduction. In severe cases, oxidative stress can trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis). Oxidative damage can lead to stunted growth, reduced biomass, and lower crop yields. Plants have evolved intricate antioxidant defense systems to counteract oxidative stress. These include: Enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and various peroxidases scavenge ROS and neutralize their damaging effects. Antioxidant molecules like glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), C60 fullerene, and carotenoids directly neutralize ROS. Developing plant varieties with gene expression focused on enhanced antioxidant capacity and stress tolerance is crucial. Optimizing irrigation, fertilization, and other management practices can help minimize stress and oxidative damage. Applying antioxidant compounds or elicitors can help plants cope with oxidative stress. Introducing genes for enhanced antioxidant enzymes or stress-related proteins over generations. Phytohormones, also known as plant hormones, are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds that regulate plant growth, development, and various physiological processes. The five major classes of phytohormones are: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. In addition to these, other phytohormones like brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and salicylates also play significant roles. Here's a breakdown of the key phytohormones: Auxins: Primarily involved in cell elongation, root initiation, and apical dominance. Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering. Cytokinins: Stimulate cell division and differentiation, and delay leaf senescence. Ethylene: Regulates fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and senescence. Abscisic acid (ABA): Plays a role in seed dormancy, stomatal closure, and stress responses. Brassinosteroids: Involved in cell elongation, division, and stress responses. Jasmonates: Regulate plant defense against pathogens and herbivores, as well as other processes. Salicylic acid: Plays a role in plant defense against pathogens. 1. Red and Far-Red Light (Phytochromes): Red light: Primarily activates the phytochrome system, converting it to its active form (Pfr), which promotes processes like stem elongation and flowering. Far-red light: Inhibits the phytochrome system by converting the active Pfr form back to the inactive Pr form. This can trigger shade avoidance responses and inhibit germination. Phytohormones: Red and far-red light regulate phytohormones like auxin and gibberellins, which are involved in stem elongation and other growth processes. 2. Blue Light (Cryptochromes and Phototropins): Blue light: Activates cryptochromes and phototropins, which are involved in various processes like stomatal opening, seedling de-etiolation, and phototropism (growth towards light). Phytohormones: Blue light affects auxin levels, influencing stem growth, and also impacts other phytohormones involved in these processes. Example: Blue light can promote vegetative growth and can interact with red light to promote flowering. 3. UV-B Light (UV-B Receptors): UV-B light: Perceived by UVR8 receptors, it can affect plant growth and development and has roles in stress responses, like UV protection. Phytohormones: UV-B light can influence phytohormones involved in stress responses, potentially affecting growth and development. 4. Other Colors: Green light: Plants are generally less sensitive to green light, as chlorophyll reflects it. Other wavelengths: While less studied, other wavelengths can also influence plant growth and development through interactions with different photoreceptors and phytohormones. Key Points: Cross-Signaling: Plants often experience a mix of light wavelengths, leading to complex interactions between different photoreceptors and phytohormones. Species Variability: The precise effects of light color on phytohormones can vary between different plant species. Hormonal Interactions: Phytohormones don't act in isolation; their interactions and interplay with other phytohormones and environmental signals are critical for plant responses. The spectral ratio of light (the composition of different colors of light) significantly influences a plant's hormonal balance. Different wavelengths of light are perceived by specific photoreceptors in plants, which in turn regulate the production and activity of various plant hormones (phytohormones). These hormones then control a wide range of developmental processes.

Perfect weather. This girl is a monster, she has gained more than 40 centimetres in 1 week and now (without LTS) will be 6 fts tall. Strong smell of burned cookies and caramel, very uncommon at this stage. My first consideration is that Fast Version strains are far behind respect to standard feminized ones.

Day 83 - end of week 4 flowering and everything thing going good , super easy to grow so far with no problems. They have started giving of a really sweet smell can’t wait to taste 👅

The beautiful girl has started growing right now. I haven't fertilized her yet. I've done some topping and removed the small leaves of the avemoth. She's feeling great.💚

I stripped leaf away everyday

Hi! Really awesome week behind us! Girls are growing soo quicke. Every day are higher and higher :) im trying be gently with nutriens and looks like its very enough for them :)will Back with some more pictures tomorrow. I thinking to do defoliation. I want to get rid of all leafs below net. From monday girls get canna booster for first time then week after i planning to start with pk 13/14. Also im order Terpinator so its its another powder for my ladies from new week :) my friend just love this product and recommend highly so i found to try :) fingers crossed i will back to you soon :) piece guys! Day 40 i found a mutations on jack herer leaf. In the centre of the leaf is growing new bud :) look on the last picture :)

Kinda worried the buds are showing lots of cloudy trichromes and on sugar leaves I am seeing amber. Bud Structure and the way they are still taking their feedings are telling me otherwise. So Im guna keep on trucking. My grows flowering times are never what breeder says too, always longer. Forgot to mention at the start of week 5 I added full tilt by floraflex aswell. Also started watering 8x a day with lights on. One time at lights off. At about 160ml each feeding with about 40-50ml runoff. These small pots are all roots and I feel the high frequency waterings are necessary to keep the runoff EC levels down Wattage 170 EC 700 Humidity 58 Temp 78

Hey fellow growers week 8 update in the books! Not much happened this week besides having to raise my light to its max! The pistols were showing signs of orange pistols but it looks as though they are burning 🔥 so measured my light to plant and was sitting at 15 inches so I got it back to 18 inches but if these plants stretch any further I'm going to have to cut a hole in the top of my tent for the light!! So I finally had a week of ease. Thanks for viewing my grow and be sure to smash the like button and drop a comment I'm on here a lot prob more than I should be. Sorry for the bad pics this is a closet grow and its pretty tight quarters with no light so I have to work with what I got! Well until next week Best of luck and Happy growing!!😎🌱💚💪💪

Welcome to my Strawberry Pie diary.🍓🥧 In this Diary: Seeds: [420 Fast Buds]from my growmie Tropicannibis_Todd 👊🏻😎 Media: Pro~Mix HP Open Top Grow Bag, Connect. Nutrients: Green Planet Nutrients, 2 Part Dual Fuel starter kit. RealGrowers: Recharge. Diablo nutrients: Ripping. Advanced Nutrients: Flawless Finish. ___________________________ Feeding : Mon 01Apr: 3L Monster K pH'd 6.5 Fri 05Apr: 2L Flawless Finish pH'd 6.5 ___________________________ Today Monday 08-Apr-24 is 83 Days from seed or 79 Days from Sprout🌱and the trichomes are just about right. Tomorrow morning the chopping will happen.😁 ___________________________ Thanks for stopping by, likes and comments are appreciated.👊🏻😎 Keep on growin! Keep on tokin!!! 😙💨💨💨💨💨

Drying at 60%rlf and 18-20C in DryFerm bags.

Today is the third week since I popped them in water. I have only feed just water at the moment no nutes. I will start with Canna coco a and b and rhizotonic at half strength and see how they react. Also added a humidifier but turned it off because it seems to over water the plants. when I have it on the plants droop not sure why. But all good for now.

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Plant has shown slow but healthy growth since its arrival, LST continues and I've managed to keep the plant at the same height it was last week but now at a horizontal angle. I did up the nutes for one feed to a slightly under recommended dose but in the days following I noticed the plant looking a little 'droopy' and since she has been with me she hasnt been drinking very well so I opted to flush her for a feed, since then she has seemed very happy :) whilst drinking much better (possible nute lock was imminent). Now back down to half doseages with the exception of CalMg (to help after flush) but will be increasing them in the following days. As of next week I will be transferring her and another plant my partner is nurturing into single bucket DWC set ups. Fingers crossed I will see some hearty results for making the crossover to hydro.

Giorno 36 - ho sistemato meglio l’apicale rinforzando con nastro di carta e mettendo il sostegno di gomma sotto. Vedremo nei prossimi giorni come si evolve la situazione. Ho dato 1 lt di acqua a testa in irrigazione Giorno 37 - L’apicale sembra stare decisamente meglio, ogni volta si stacca dal sostegno e cerca di andare verso la luce. Giorno 38 - ho dato 1litro di acqua a testa in irrigazione, domani alzerò i dosaggi di fertilizzanti a 1ml/lt per ognuno Giorno 39 - ho dato 1litro (0,5 l a testa) di fertilizzanti in quantità (1ml/L di bio grow, bio bloom e top max), vediamo come reagiscono le piante Giorno 40 - il terreno é ancora umido, irrigherò domani, sembra abbiano reagito bene alla dose in più di fertilizzanti che ho dato ieri Giorno 41 - ho dato 1litro di acqua a testa perché una delle due aveva le foglie totalmente abbassate, verificherò tra qualche ora se si é ripresa Giorno 42 - stanotte alle 3 le foglie di una erano completamente abbassate di nuovo, il terreno é umido quindi non ho irrigato, credo che annaffierò domani

J-33 Lemon Power Haze de Zamnesia Seeds Bonjour la communauté GD ! Après avoir découvert ce site étonnant, nous nous embarquons! Nous sommes 2 grands passionnés prêts à partager, apprendre et recevoir tout ce qui est possible sur ce sujet! Floraison J-11 (12h / 12h) Pousse très bien, Plutôt haute par rapport aux autres genetiques. A bien commencé sa floraison très impatient de voir la suite !!

Day 15 - 4/10/21: Welcome to the first day of the 3rd week.... All good it is a lovely group ;) Very lovely. Let's see then what changes happened since last week: Lamp is set to be on 150W approx 60% of the full power..... enough..... they love this ViparSpectra XS2000.... So Do I..... Himidity stays on approx 60% Ventilation is fine every 2 hours switched on for 5 min.... Watering like 0.06 l per day.... Started some fertilization also with Bat Guano, Biobizz family /before someone ask why I use BioBloom and Top Max in veg just beacuse lol/ And... Epsom salt.... Ratio can be found just scroll down.... And yes, I do it on Tuesday and Saturday except the Epsom just 1x a week the rest then 2x for now. All of them are beautiful and the first LST has been done basically just bent them to the right or left haha for now except Afghani Gold and Spliffs Strawberry because they are basically just 2 weeks old so too young to be trained. I assume Blue Berry has a little funny deficiency but I am sure she will be okay anyways I will colour her back lol with some magic nutrition 🤣🤣🤣 As you can see 2 of them are smaller /Afghani Gold, Spliffs Strawberry/ because they are younger: planted 1 week later as the first germination failed. Pictures sYs everything so not much more to say... ;)

10/14 - Another week of flower begins. I'm guessing 2-3 weeks for the 5g plant left, longer for the 3g plant. 10/20 - A week down. I am undecided on this soil. Either these are heavy feeders and yellowed quickly, or it isn't the longest lasting bagged 'water only living soil' We will see how the smoke turns out, but I am thinking I might end up chopping the 5g plant next week.

Frosty’s purple freak auto is on Week:4 of the vegetive stage producing its 6th-7th set of leaves as well as 4 side branches emerging the growth is quite fast