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Little main line defoliation to focus growth.
A cell is a quantum measuring device for light’s frequency to make order from the chaos that light frequencies bring from our environment. A cell performs mechanical resonance, where its intrinsic structures vibrate at specific resonant frequencies when exposed to external mechanical stimulation. Cells possess the ability to sense and respond to mechanical cues from their environment, a process known as mechanosensing. This can involve the activation of signaling pathways and changes in gene expression. Cellular resonance is a component of mechanotransduction, the process by which cells convert mechanical force into a biochemical signal that triggers a cellular response.
Plants perceive mechanosensory stimuli, such as vibration and touch, through structures like trichomes (hairs) and specialized ion channels embedded in their cell membranes. Plants are sensitive to frequencies ranging from ultrasound to lower sound waves, such as 250 Hz. The perception depends on various factors, including the stiffness of the underlying tissue, which can be tuned by the plant to perceive specific frequencies associated with environmental cues like insect herbivory.
While the exact molecular mechanisms are still being explored, scientists have identified several potential pathways that may be affected by acoustic vibrations in this frequency range: 4000-5000 Hz. Enzyme activity: Sound waves can increase the activity of certain enzymes, such as amylase, and elevate the content of soluble sugars and proteins. Increased stomatal opening in response to specific frequencies can optimize photosynthesis by increasing the plant's absorption of water and CO2. In addition to enhancing drought tolerance, sound vibrations can strengthen plants' overall resistance to stress. Studies have shown that some genes related to stress response can be activated by sound stimulation.
The Emerson effect is a phenomenon where the combination of red and far-red light increases the rate of photosynthesis beyond the sum of the two wavelengths used separately. This synergy is important for understanding Extended Photosynthetically Active Radiation (ePAR), which includes the far-red spectrum, because it means a more comprehensive measurement is needed to fully understand light's effect on plant growth. ePAR meters measure light up to 750 nm, which is necessary to capture the far-red light that participates in the Emerson effect.
The human eye can detect more shades of green than any other color due to a combination of our cone cell sensitivity and evolutionary history. Our eyes are most sensitive to the yellow-green part of the spectrum, which is the peak of our visual sensitivity, and a large part of our ancestry was spent needing to distinguish subtle variations in greenery for survival. or our primate ancestors, being able to discern subtle differences in green was crucial for survival. It helped them identify edible plants and avoid poisonous ones, as well as detect predators hiding in foliage. This constant need to distinguish shades of green drove the evolution of our color perception to become most sensitive to it.
S-cones: Detect short wavelengths, perceived as blues and violets.
M-cones: Detect medium wavelengths, perceived as greens.
L-cones: Detect long wavelengths, perceived as reds and yellows.
The primary reason for our enhanced sensitivity to green is that the peak sensitivities of the M-cones and L-cones are very close together in the green-yellow region of the visible spectrum. This overlap means that green light stimulates both the M-cones and L-cones, creating a more robust and detailed signal for the brain to interpret. In contrast, the S-cones are more isolated and respond to a much narrower band of light, leading to less sensitivity for blues.
The brain's visual processing pathways also play a role. Our visual system processes color differences through "opponent channels," which compare the signals from different types of cones. The opponent channel that processes red versus green has a more precise and intricate system than the blue versus yellow channel, leading to finer discrimination in the green part of the spectrum.