ANTHOCYANIN production is primarily controlled by the Cryptochrome (CR1) Photoreceptor ( !! UV and Blue Spectrums are primary drivers in the production of the pigment that replaces chlorophyll, isn't that awesome! 1. Diverse photoreceptors in plants Many civilizations, including the sun god of ancient Egypt, thought that the blessings of sunlight were the source of life. In fact, the survival of all life, including humans, is supported by the photosynthesis of plants that capture solar energy. Plants that perform photosynthesis have no means of transportation except for some algae. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor various changes in the external environment and respond appropriately to the place to survive. Among various environmental information, light is especially important information for plants that perform photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, plants acquired phytochrome, which mainly receives light in the red light region, and multiple blue light receptors, including his hytropin and phototropin, in order to sense the light environment. .. In addition to these, an ultraviolet light receptor named UVR8 was recently discovered. The latest image of the molecular structure and function of these various plant photoreceptors (Fig. 1), focusing on phytochrome and phototropin. Figure 1 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8. The dashed line represents each bioactive absorption spectrum. 2. Phytochrome; red-far red photoreversible molecular switch What is phytochrome? Phytochrome is a photochromic photoreceptor, and has two absorption types, a red light absorption type Pr (absorption maximum wavelength of about 665 nm) and a far-red light absorption type Pfr (730 nm). Reversible light conversion between the two by red light and far-red light, respectively(Fig. 1A, solid line and broken line). In general, Pfr is the active form that causes a physiological response. With some exceptions, phytochrome can be said to function as a photoreversible molecular switch. The background of the discovery is as follows. There are some types of plants that require light for germination (light seed germination). From that study, it was found that germination was induced by red light, the effect was inhibited by subsequent far-red light irradiation, and this could be repeated, and the existence of photoreceptors that reversibly photoconvert was predicted. In 1959, its existence was confirmed by the absorption spectrum measurement of the yellow sprout tissue, and it was named phytochrome. Why does the plant have a sensor to distinguish between such red light and far-red light? There is no big difference between the red and far-red light regions in the open-field spectrum of sunlight, but the proportion of red light is greatly reduced due to the absorption of chloroplasts in the shade of plants. Similar changes in light quality occur in the evening sunlight. Plants perceive this difference in light quality as the ratio of Pr and Pfr, recognize the light environment, and respond to it. Subsequent studies have revealed that it is responsible for various photomorphogenic reactions such as photoperiodic flowering induction, shade repellent, and deyellowing (greening). Furthermore, with the introduction of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and the development of molecular biological analysis methods, research has progressed dramatically, and his five types of phytochromes (phyA-E) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. all right. With the progress of the genome project, Fi’s tochrome-like photoreceptors were found in cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic prokaryotes other than plants. Furthermore, in non-photosynthetic bacteria, a homologue molecule called bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and radiation-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans, Dr). Domain structure of phytochrome molecule Phytochrome molecule can be roughly divided into N-terminal side and C-terminal side region. PAS (Per / Arndt / Sim: blue), GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase / adenylyl cyclase / FhlA: green), PHY (phyto-chrome: purple) 3 in the N-terminal region of plant phytochrome (Fig. 2A) There are two domains and an N-terminal extension region (NTE: dark blue), and phytochromobilin (PΦB), which is one of the ring-opening tetrapyrroles, is thioether-bonded to the system stored in GAF as a chromophore. ing. PAS is a domain involved in the interaction between signal transduction-related proteins, and PHY is a phytochrome-specific domain. There are two PASs and her histidine kinase-related (HKR) domain (red) in the C-terminal region, but the histidine essential for kinase activity is not conserved. 3. Phototropin; photosynthetic efficiency optimized blue light receptor What is phototropin? Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution, wrote in his book “The power of move-ment in plants” published in 1882 that plants bend toward blue light. Approximately 100 years later, the protein nph1 (nonphoto-tropic hypocotyl 1) encoded by one of the causative genes of Arabidopsis mutants causing phototropic abnormalities was identified as a blue photoreceptor. Later, another isotype npl1 was found and renamed phototropin 1 (phot1) and 2 (phot2), respectively. In addition to phototropism, phototropin is damaged by chloroplast photolocalization (chloroplasts move through the epidermal cells of the leaves and gather on the cell surface under appropriate light intensity for photosynthesis. As a photoreceptor for reactions such as escaping to the side of cells under dangerous strong light) and stomata (reactions that open stomata to optimize the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is the rate-determining process of photosynthetic reactions). It became clear that it worked. In this way, phototropin can be said to be a blue light receptor responsible for optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Domain structure and LOV photoreaction of phototropin molecule Phototropin molecule has two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) called LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage sensing) on the N-terminal side, and serine / on the C-terminal side. It is a protein kinase that forms threonine kinase (STK) (Fig. 4Aa) and whose activity is regulated by light. LOV is one molecule as a chromophore, he binds FMN (flavin mononucleotide) non-covalently. The LOV forms an α/βfold, and the FMN is located on a β-sheet consisting of five antiparallel β-strands (Fig. 4B). The FMN in the ground state LOV shows the absorption spectrum of a typical oxidized flavin protein with a triplet oscillation structure and an absorption maximum wavelength of 450 nm, and is called D450 (Fig. 1C and Fig. 4E). After being excited to the singlet excited state by blue light, the FMN shifts to the triplet excited state (L660t *) due to intersystem crossing, and then the C4 (Fig. 4C) of the isoaroxazine ring of the FMN is conserved in the vicinity. It forms a transient accretionary prism with the tain (red part in Fig. 4B Eα) (S390I). When this cysteine is replaced with alanine (C / A substitution), the addition reaction does not occur. The effect of adduct formation propagates to the protein moiety, causing kinase activation (S390II). After that, the formed cysteine-flavin adduct spontaneously dissociates and returns to the original D450 (Fig. 4E, dark regression reaction). Phototropin kinase activity control mechanism by LOV2 Why does phototropin have two LOVs? Atphot1 was found as a protein that is rapidly autophosphorylated when irradiated with blue light. The effect of the above C / A substitution on this self-phosphorylation reaction and phototropism was investigated, and LOV2 is the main photomolecular switch in both self-phosphorylation and phototropism. It turns out that it functions as. After that, from experiments using artificial substrates, STK has a constitutive activity, LOV2 functions as an inhibitory domain of this activity, and the inhibition is eliminated by photoreaction, while LOV1 is kinase light. It was shown to modify the photosensitivity of the activation reaction. In addition to this, LOV1 was found to act as a dimerization site from the crystal structure and his SAXS. What kind of molecular mechanism does LOV2 use to photoregulate kinase activity? The following two modules play important roles in this intramolecular signal transduction. Figure 4 (A) Domain structure of LOV photoreceptors. a: Phototropin b: Neochrome c: FKF1 family protein d: Aureochrome (B) Crystal structure of auto barley phot1 LOV2. (C) Structure of FMN isoaroxazine ring. (D) Schematic diagram of the functional domain and module of Arabidopsis thaliana phot1. L, A’α, and Jα represent linker, A’α helix, and Jα helix, respectively. (E) LOV photoreaction. (F) Molecular structure model (mesh) of the LOV2-STK sample (black line) containing A’α of phot2 obtained based on SAXS under dark (top) and under bright (bottom). The yellow, red, and green space-filled models represent the crystal structures of LOV2-Jα, protein kinase A N-lobe, and C-robe, respectively, and black represents FMN. See the text for details. 1) Jα. LOV2 C of oat phot1-to α immediately after the terminus Rix (Jα) is present (Fig. 4D), which interacts with the β-sheet (Fig. 4B) that forms the FMN-bound scaffold of LOV2 in the dark, but unfolds and dissociates from the β-sheet with photoreaction. It was shown by NMR that it does. According to the crystal structure of LOV2-Jα, this Jα is located on the back surface of the β sheet and mainly has a hydrophobic interaction. The formation of S390II causes twisting of the isoaroxazine ring and protonation of N5 (Fig. 4C). As a result, the glutamine side chain present on his Iβ strand (Fig. 4B) in the β-sheet rotates to form a hydrogen bond with this protonated N5. Jα interacts with this his Iβ strand, and these changes are thought to cause the unfold-ing of Jα and dissociation from the β-sheet described above. Experiments such as amino acid substitution of Iβ strands revealed that kinases exhibit constitutive activity when this interaction is eliminated, and that Jα plays an important role in photoactivation of kinases. 2) A’α / Aβ gap. Recently, several results have been reported showing the involvement of amino acids near the A’α helix (Fig. 4D) located upstream of the N-terminal of LOV2 in kinase photoactivation. Therefore, he investigated the role of this A’α and its neighboring amino acids in kinase photoactivation, photoreaction, and Jα structural change for Atphot1. The LOV2-STK polypeptide (Fig. 4D, underlined in black) was used as a photocontrollable kinase for kinase activity analysis. As a result, it was found that the photoactivation of the kinase was abolished when amino acid substitution was introduced into the A’α / Aβ gap between A’α and Aβ of the LOV2 core. Interestingly, he had no effect on the structural changes in Jα examined on the peptide map due to the photoreaction of LOV2 or trypsin degradation. Therefore, the A’α / Aβ gap is considered to play an important role in intramolecular signal transduction after Jα. Structural changes detected by SAXS Structural changes of Jα have been detected by various biophysical methods other than NMR, but structural information on samples including up to STK is reported only by his results to his SAXS. Not. The SAXS measurement of the Atphot2 LOV2-STK polypeptide showed that the radius of inertia increased from 32.4 Å to 34.8 Å, and the molecular model (Fig. 4F) obtained by the ab initio modeling software GASBOR is that of LOV2 and STK. It was shown that the N lobes and C lobes lined up in tandem, and the relative position of LOV2 with respect to STK shifted by about 13 Å under light irradiation. The difference in the molecular model between the two is considered to reflect the structural changes that occur in the Jα and A’α / Aβ gaps mentioned above. Two phototropins with different photosensitivity In the phototropic reaction of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis responds to a very wide range of light intensities from 10–4 to 102 μmol photon / sec / m2. At that time, phot1 functions as an optical sensor in a wide range from low light to strong light, while phot2 reacts with light stronger than 1 μmol photon / sec / m2. What is the origin of these differences? As is well known, animal photoreceptors have a high photosensitivity due to the abundance of rhodopsin and the presence of biochemical amplification mechanisms. The exact abundance of phot1 and phot2 in vivo is unknown, but interesting results have been obtained in terms of amplification. The light intensity dependence of the photoactivation of the LOV2-STK polypeptide used in the above kinase analysis was investigated. It was found that phot1 was about 10 times more photosensitive than phot2. On the other hand, when the photochemical reactions of both were examined, it was found that the rate of the dark return reaction of phot1 was about 10 times slower than that of phot2. This result indicates that the longer the lifetime of S390II, which is in the kinase-activated state, the higher the photosensitivity of kinase activation. This correlation was further confirmed by extending the lifespan of her S390II with amino acid substitutions. This alone cannot explain the widespread differences in photosensitivity between phot1 and phot2, but it may explain some of them. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate in detail protein modifications such as phosphorylation and the effects of phot interacting factors on photosensitivity. Other LOV photoreceptors Among fern plants and green algae, phytochrome ɾphotosensory module (PSM) on the N-terminal side and chimera photoreceptor with full-length phototropin on the C-terminal side, neochrome (Fig. There are types with 4Ab). It has been reported that some neochromes play a role in chloroplast photolocalization as a red light receiver. It is considered that fern plants have such a chimera photoreceptor in order to survive in a habitat such as undergrowth in a jungle where only red light reaches. In addition to this, plants have only one LOV domain, and three proteins involved in the degradation of photomorphogenesis-related proteins, FKF1 (Flavin-binding, Kelch repeat, F-box 1, ZTL (ZEITLUPE)), LKP2 ( There are LOV Kelch Protein2) (Fig. 4Ac) and aureochrome (Fig. 4Ad), which has a bZip domain on the N-terminal side of LOV and functions as a gene transcription factor. 4. Cryptochrome and UVR8 Cryptochrome is one of the blue photoreceptors and forms a superfamily with the DNA photoreceptor photolyase. It has FAD (flavin adenine dinucle-otide) as a chromophore and tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a condensing pigment. The ground state of FAD is considered to be the oxidized type, and the radical type (broken line in Fig. 1B) generated by blue light irradiation is considered to be the signaling state. The radical type also absorbs in the green to orange light region, and may widen the wavelength region of the plant morphogenesis reaction spectrum. Cryptochrome uses blue light to control physiological functions similar to phytochrome. It was identified as a photoreceptor from one of the causative genes of UVR8 Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chromophore is absorbed in the UVB region by a Trp triad consisting of three tryptophans (Fig. 1D). It is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that function as UV scavengers in plants. Conclusion It is thought that plants have acquired various photoreceptors necessary for their survival during a long evolutionary process. The photoreceptors that cover the existing far-red light to UVB mentioned here are considered to be some of them. More and more diverse photoreceptor genes are conserved in cyanobacteria and marine plankton. By examining these, it is thought that the understanding of plant photoreceptors will be further deepened.

😁😁😁 Hi grow mates 😁😁😁 As day 43 arrived we are opening 7th week of my grow journey. Like you can see from the photos girls started to blooms wildly. Purple Lemonade is getting absolutely purple, flowers gets density and aroma. Cinderella !! Wow !! Here is an interesting one. She is huge, I never had so many flowers sites on one plant. She's tall girl 118 cm !! Bruce Banner, she is a real mystery. She started to blooms like all her sisters, but looks a little shy. I think she need just more time. From previous experiences, I know that the "shy" ones gave best results. Fingers crossed 🤞 Day 44 Purple Lemonade 81 cm Original Cinderella 118 cm !! Bruce Banner 90 cm I wish you all, All the best 😇

amazing smoke.- RECOMMENDED

Days 67 - 73 (from seed) 4/8/24 - 4/14/24 Lamp distance: 12" @ 75% power (estimate 800+ PAR from highest point of canopy) VPD: leaf surface temperature averaging 68-72 degrees - humidity set to 45% Feed schedule: Each plant receiving slowly downward now to 1/3 gallon water daily + once a week feeding schedule and additional FPE every third day IPM: visual inspection only, no foliar Notes: Flowers are really swelling up this week. All plants in the tent now showing signs of senescence with Cookies & Berries just barely fading. As the week went on their need for water has slowly diminished back down to roughly 1/3 gallon a day, but a day or two in there they also received their 1/2+ gallon daily. Usually can tell how much watering they need by lifting the pots and determining by weight/feel, or if there's any water run-off but that is quite uncommon/undesirable. Hot Damn! currently reeking the most out of them all, lots of sweet funk when you just get near it. Vanilla Fizz has a very mellow smell check until you do rub it then it's a cheesy/funk bomb. Cookies & Berries seems to have the lightest appearance of resin coverage and the least nose out of the tent - but when you rub it the resin is very very tacky and smells of chemical citrus fruit, maybe pine. Mango Sky is fairly mellow too but after touching the flowers it's bold and sticky, smells like menthol (to me, but not unanimous) and tropical fruits.

Day 36, 22nd of October 2020: Hi there! All cool she is going crazy.... After the 2 videos the first pictures before topping. I have topped her 6x.... 6 branches and the rest pictures shows her after... pretty nice little lady thirsty and growing rapidly. I tried to do more LST also to spread the branches. Everything ontomues the same way fertilization and all the things. Happy Growing.

6/7 Done a load more training tonight. That's it for the next week or so. 8/7 found some mammoth P, it's 2 years old so not sure how the viable it still is. But I'll give it a try and see. 10/7 introduced some molasses today at a rate of 5ml/L. There are some pre flowers starting to form now hence the introduction of molasses 12/7 nearing the end of week 4. Nice even canopy except for one that I topped. The canopy is thanks to the LST that I did on them. Trying to keep them the same height so the light reach and penetration will be uniform across the whole tent.

Week 6 for Amnesia Zkittlez by fastbuds She's been outdoors for a week now, not gotten much sun at all. Hoping new week will be better as she's still very skinny for my liking at this point in flower. She needs more leaf to bring energy for those flowers. 😢

Sep 21: fall is here with 12 h of darkness and red tinted sunlight both of which help with flowering. One problem with growing dope here is the UV light is weak this far North in the fall so for most people it’s better to just do autos outdoors and timing it so they ripen during the stronger summer sun and you’re done by the end of August. But if you want reliable big yields these fast flowering photoperiods are definitely the best choice. Sep 23: seems a bit off colour so I added some Alaska Fish Fertilizer for N. Always warming the water to about 26C these days to help keep the plant and soil bacteria warm and happy. Sep 25: this plant and Bruce both got blown over twice today. This is because the small 5 gallon bags aren’t big and heavy enough. The plants are fine. Oh well, the advantage is that I can move them around easily to maximize direct sun. Don’t take flash pics of your plants unless you’re going to immediately use a 730 nm far red light to put the plants into dark mode. It’s a great trick as a bloom booster and moves up finishing time here by a couple or three weeks. Sep 27: harvest will be tomorrow because of some bad weather moving in. Tomorrow will be okay but then rain and cold overnight and even snow forecast for late next week. C’est La vie.

The week went well. She has a funk to her now that as soon as I kill the fan it smacks you right in the face. Some of the pistils are beginning to amber. Just waiting for her to fatten up and finish. I believe this will be my biggest producing auto yet.

Day 38. Looking amazing but low smell.

Altra settimana volata via per la BISCOTTI🍪 by ZAMNESIA con PLAGRON nutrient 🍽️ad alimentare le ragazze che stanno bene le cime stanno ingrassando 💣sempre di più e il gelo ❄️è ormai esteso ... il profumo dei fiori ⚘️🌻è molto intenso.....dolce... sembra delizioso❤️

Hi everybody😄. I think we going the last week before changing the light to flower. Try to go this week without cutting leaves. She started drinking more water, light running now at 75% power and she likes it 😁

Another week has come and gone and we are off to the races. this will be the last big feeding. I wanted to give them a PK boost in mid flower and to make sure they have enough food to last them till the end of the cycle. the beans look like they took hold I will know more in about 3 weeks. If any at all got the girl dust on them for sure. The clones are fattening up, not to be prize winning buds but good enough for a squish in the rosin press. I am seeing some signs of light burn and a little nutrient burn but nothing a good flush won't cure. They are starting to get more frosty and the smell is getting more pronounced. very complex sweet gas fruit is the best way to describe it. well that's it for now be well all and don't for get to vote.

19.1.25: I have watered all plants with 300ml of dechlorinated water PH'd to 6.3, with 1/3 jar of black strap molasses with Ecothrive Biosys-1g. I am looking to increase the sugars for microbial life and plant processes. It'll also add some extra Calcium, Magnesium and trace elements. I also, watered all plants with Bloom nutrients. Using dechlorinated water PH'd to 6.3 with the following nutrients: (ml/l) ;- ♡ 2ml Cal-Mag ♡ 2ml Ecothrive Flourish ♡ 2ml Xpert Nutrients Bloom Booster ♡ 2ml Biobizz Bloom ♡ 2ml Biobizz Top Max ♡ 1g of Ecothrive Biosys I watered around 1-3 litres per plant. Depending on size and requirements. I'm still spilling water containing the nutrient solution. 🙄 I am using this to rub into the leaves. I think a nice foliar massage won't do any harm, make the most of the situation. The plants have become very hungry and thirsty. Increased the water by double. I ran out of my TNC cal-mag. I decided to order the Xpert Nutrients brand, as I like their products. It isn't organic as far as I can tell, but I don't think it matters too much to me, to be honest. I also want to top dress this week, so I bought some Green Leaf PK bud Booster dry amendment from Amazon, too. I'll mix it with canna coco, perlite, worm castings, and Ecothrive Life Cycle. 24.1.25: I went ahead and top dressed all the plants with 4.5 gallons of my supersoil custom mix. This consists of the following substrate and dry amendments: ♡ 60% Canna coco ♡ 20% Worm castings ♡ 15 % Perlite The remaining 5% consists of the following dry amendments;- ♡ 10g Ecothrive Biosys ♡ 1 Tsp RHS Mycorrhizal Fungi granules ♡ 3 Tsp Vitalink Bat guano ♡ 4 Tsp Diatomaceous earth ♡ 8 Tsp Ground Cinnamon ♡ 10g Green Leaf Bud Booster PK booster. ♡ 3 Tsp Ecothrive Life Cycle. •Worm castings for some all round nutrition. •Cinnamon for mildew and bug repellent. •Canna coco base substrate. •Perlite for adding oxygen to the root and soil system. •Green Leaf Bud Booster PK Booster for blooming. Building strong big buds. •Vitalink bat guano again for Bloom. •RHS Mycorrhizal Fungi granules, to boost beneficial microbes. •Ecothrive Life Cycle for lots of great benefits. •Diatomaceous earth for Silica. •Ecothrive Biosys, for an extra microbial boost. I have removed all LST equipment from both PPP1 and PPP2. I'm going to let them grow up now, and I plant to implement a Scrog net, if they get any taller, which I hope they will. However they are most likely finished with their final stretch. My mistake, I went too hard on the LST. Thanks for checking out my diary 🍃 ✌️

12/10/18 Day 54 Not long left now, started the flush 4 days ago but I feel as if I might have left it a little too late. Looking to harvest day 60, some of the trichomes are cloudy but the buds have swollen quite a bit and the calyxes are retracting more and more daily. Not too worried about the relatively short flush since I didn't really go overboard with the nutes but I'd like to get the colours to fade a little before chopping, even if this means pushing it to day 64-65.

Week 5 green space looking lovely

She responded very well to the toping and now we are going strong into week 4, been a smooth ride so far. Even through the cold days 16.01.26 Smooth week so far

420 Fastbuds Week 7 Blackberry Auto What up grow fam. Weekly update for these two amazing Blackberry strain. Over all the colors are off the charts cool, flower sites swelling daily, and smell starting to get stronger everyday. No big noticeable issues that are alarming so will continue with the same routine. I will say everytime I open my tent up my eyes seem to automatically get drawn to these two not only from the colors but the smell on them is mesmerizing. All in all Happy Growing

Hi people :-) This week everyone has developed very nicely and is slowly coming to an end 🤗🌱🍀. The Orange Sherbert was placed in the darkroom yesterday and will be harvested tomorrow :-). Everyone else will continue to be flushed. Blue Gelato # 41, Her Majesty F1 and Sour Diesel will be harvested next week. The next week is the gelato letzt. Then I will gradually add all the harvest pictures 😍👍 I wish you all a good start into the week, let it grow 🌱🍀 and stay healthy 🙏🏻