ANTHOCYANIN production is primarily controlled by the Cryptochrome (CR1) Photoreceptor ( !! UV and Blue Spectrums are primary drivers in the production of the pigment that replaces chlorophyll, isn't that awesome! 1. Diverse photoreceptors in plants Many civilizations, including the sun god of ancient Egypt, thought that the blessings of sunlight were the source of life. In fact, the survival of all life, including humans, is supported by the photosynthesis of plants that capture solar energy. Plants that perform photosynthesis have no means of transportation except for some algae. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor various changes in the external environment and respond appropriately to the place to survive. Among various environmental information, light is especially important information for plants that perform photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, plants acquired phytochrome, which mainly receives light in the red light region, and multiple blue light receptors, including his hytropin and phototropin, in order to sense the light environment. .. In addition to these, an ultraviolet light receptor named UVR8 was recently discovered. The latest image of the molecular structure and function of these various plant photoreceptors (Fig. 1), focusing on phytochrome and phototropin. Figure 1 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8. The dashed line represents each bioactive absorption spectrum. 2. Phytochrome; red-far red photoreversible molecular switch What is phytochrome? Phytochrome is a photochromic photoreceptor, and has two absorption types, a red light absorption type Pr (absorption maximum wavelength of about 665 nm) and a far-red light absorption type Pfr (730 nm). Reversible light conversion between the two by red light and far-red light, respectively(Fig. 1A, solid line and broken line). In general, Pfr is the active form that causes a physiological response. With some exceptions, phytochrome can be said to function as a photoreversible molecular switch. The background of the discovery is as follows. There are some types of plants that require light for germination (light seed germination). From that study, it was found that germination was induced by red light, the effect was inhibited by subsequent far-red light irradiation, and this could be repeated, and the existence of photoreceptors that reversibly photoconvert was predicted. In 1959, its existence was confirmed by the absorption spectrum measurement of the yellow sprout tissue, and it was named phytochrome. Why does the plant have a sensor to distinguish between such red light and far-red light? There is no big difference between the red and far-red light regions in the open-field spectrum of sunlight, but the proportion of red light is greatly reduced due to the absorption of chloroplasts in the shade of plants. Similar changes in light quality occur in the evening sunlight. Plants perceive this difference in light quality as the ratio of Pr and Pfr, recognize the light environment, and respond to it. Subsequent studies have revealed that it is responsible for various photomorphogenic reactions such as photoperiodic flowering induction, shade repellent, and deyellowing (greening). Furthermore, with the introduction of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and the development of molecular biological analysis methods, research has progressed dramatically, and his five types of phytochromes (phyA-E) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. all right. With the progress of the genome project, Fi’s tochrome-like photoreceptors were found in cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic prokaryotes other than plants. Furthermore, in non-photosynthetic bacteria, a homologue molecule called bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and radiation-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans, Dr). Domain structure of phytochrome molecule Phytochrome molecule can be roughly divided into N-terminal side and C-terminal side region. PAS (Per / Arndt / Sim: blue), GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase / adenylyl cyclase / FhlA: green), PHY (phyto-chrome: purple) 3 in the N-terminal region of plant phytochrome (Fig. 2A) There are two domains and an N-terminal extension region (NTE: dark blue), and phytochromobilin (PΦB), which is one of the ring-opening tetrapyrroles, is thioether-bonded to the system stored in GAF as a chromophore. ing. PAS is a domain involved in the interaction between signal transduction-related proteins, and PHY is a phytochrome-specific domain. There are two PASs and her histidine kinase-related (HKR) domain (red) in the C-terminal region, but the histidine essential for kinase activity is not conserved. 3. Phototropin; photosynthetic efficiency optimized blue light receptor What is phototropin? Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution, wrote in his book “The power of move-ment in plants” published in 1882 that plants bend toward blue light. Approximately 100 years later, the protein nph1 (nonphoto-tropic hypocotyl 1) encoded by one of the causative genes of Arabidopsis mutants causing phototropic abnormalities was identified as a blue photoreceptor. Later, another isotype npl1 was found and renamed phototropin 1 (phot1) and 2 (phot2), respectively. In addition to phototropism, phototropin is damaged by chloroplast photolocalization (chloroplasts move through the epidermal cells of the leaves and gather on the cell surface under appropriate light intensity for photosynthesis. As a photoreceptor for reactions such as escaping to the side of cells under dangerous strong light) and stomata (reactions that open stomata to optimize the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is the rate-determining process of photosynthetic reactions). It became clear that it worked. In this way, phototropin can be said to be a blue light receptor responsible for optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Domain structure and LOV photoreaction of phototropin molecule Phototropin molecule has two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) called LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage sensing) on the N-terminal side, and serine / on the C-terminal side. It is a protein kinase that forms threonine kinase (STK) (Fig. 4Aa) and whose activity is regulated by light. LOV is one molecule as a chromophore, he binds FMN (flavin mononucleotide) non-covalently. The LOV forms an α/βfold, and the FMN is located on a β-sheet consisting of five antiparallel β-strands (Fig. 4B). The FMN in the ground state LOV shows the absorption spectrum of a typical oxidized flavin protein with a triplet oscillation structure and an absorption maximum wavelength of 450 nm, and is called D450 (Fig. 1C and Fig. 4E). After being excited to the singlet excited state by blue light, the FMN shifts to the triplet excited state (L660t *) due to intersystem crossing, and then the C4 (Fig. 4C) of the isoaroxazine ring of the FMN is conserved in the vicinity. It forms a transient accretionary prism with the tain (red part in Fig. 4B Eα) (S390I). When this cysteine is replaced with alanine (C / A substitution), the addition reaction does not occur. The effect of adduct formation propagates to the protein moiety, causing kinase activation (S390II). After that, the formed cysteine-flavin adduct spontaneously dissociates and returns to the original D450 (Fig. 4E, dark regression reaction). Phototropin kinase activity control mechanism by LOV2 Why does phototropin have two LOVs? Atphot1 was found as a protein that is rapidly autophosphorylated when irradiated with blue light. The effect of the above C / A substitution on this self-phosphorylation reaction and phototropism was investigated, and LOV2 is the main photomolecular switch in both self-phosphorylation and phototropism. It turns out that it functions as. After that, from experiments using artificial substrates, STK has a constitutive activity, LOV2 functions as an inhibitory domain of this activity, and the inhibition is eliminated by photoreaction, while LOV1 is kinase light. It was shown to modify the photosensitivity of the activation reaction. In addition to this, LOV1 was found to act as a dimerization site from the crystal structure and his SAXS. What kind of molecular mechanism does LOV2 use to photoregulate kinase activity? The following two modules play important roles in this intramolecular signal transduction. Figure 4 (A) Domain structure of LOV photoreceptors. a: Phototropin b: Neochrome c: FKF1 family protein d: Aureochrome (B) Crystal structure of auto barley phot1 LOV2. (C) Structure of FMN isoaroxazine ring. (D) Schematic diagram of the functional domain and module of Arabidopsis thaliana phot1. L, A’α, and Jα represent linker, A’α helix, and Jα helix, respectively. (E) LOV photoreaction. (F) Molecular structure model (mesh) of the LOV2-STK sample (black line) containing A’α of phot2 obtained based on SAXS under dark (top) and under bright (bottom). The yellow, red, and green space-filled models represent the crystal structures of LOV2-Jα, protein kinase A N-lobe, and C-robe, respectively, and black represents FMN. See the text for details. 1) Jα. LOV2 C of oat phot1-to α immediately after the terminus Rix (Jα) is present (Fig. 4D), which interacts with the β-sheet (Fig. 4B) that forms the FMN-bound scaffold of LOV2 in the dark, but unfolds and dissociates from the β-sheet with photoreaction. It was shown by NMR that it does. According to the crystal structure of LOV2-Jα, this Jα is located on the back surface of the β sheet and mainly has a hydrophobic interaction. The formation of S390II causes twisting of the isoaroxazine ring and protonation of N5 (Fig. 4C). As a result, the glutamine side chain present on his Iβ strand (Fig. 4B) in the β-sheet rotates to form a hydrogen bond with this protonated N5. Jα interacts with this his Iβ strand, and these changes are thought to cause the unfold-ing of Jα and dissociation from the β-sheet described above. Experiments such as amino acid substitution of Iβ strands revealed that kinases exhibit constitutive activity when this interaction is eliminated, and that Jα plays an important role in photoactivation of kinases. 2) A’α / Aβ gap. Recently, several results have been reported showing the involvement of amino acids near the A’α helix (Fig. 4D) located upstream of the N-terminal of LOV2 in kinase photoactivation. Therefore, he investigated the role of this A’α and its neighboring amino acids in kinase photoactivation, photoreaction, and Jα structural change for Atphot1. The LOV2-STK polypeptide (Fig. 4D, underlined in black) was used as a photocontrollable kinase for kinase activity analysis. As a result, it was found that the photoactivation of the kinase was abolished when amino acid substitution was introduced into the A’α / Aβ gap between A’α and Aβ of the LOV2 core. Interestingly, he had no effect on the structural changes in Jα examined on the peptide map due to the photoreaction of LOV2 or trypsin degradation. Therefore, the A’α / Aβ gap is considered to play an important role in intramolecular signal transduction after Jα. Structural changes detected by SAXS Structural changes of Jα have been detected by various biophysical methods other than NMR, but structural information on samples including up to STK is reported only by his results to his SAXS. Not. The SAXS measurement of the Atphot2 LOV2-STK polypeptide showed that the radius of inertia increased from 32.4 Å to 34.8 Å, and the molecular model (Fig. 4F) obtained by the ab initio modeling software GASBOR is that of LOV2 and STK. It was shown that the N lobes and C lobes lined up in tandem, and the relative position of LOV2 with respect to STK shifted by about 13 Å under light irradiation. The difference in the molecular model between the two is considered to reflect the structural changes that occur in the Jα and A’α / Aβ gaps mentioned above. Two phototropins with different photosensitivity In the phototropic reaction of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis responds to a very wide range of light intensities from 10–4 to 102 μmol photon / sec / m2. At that time, phot1 functions as an optical sensor in a wide range from low light to strong light, while phot2 reacts with light stronger than 1 μmol photon / sec / m2. What is the origin of these differences? As is well known, animal photoreceptors have a high photosensitivity due to the abundance of rhodopsin and the presence of biochemical amplification mechanisms. The exact abundance of phot1 and phot2 in vivo is unknown, but interesting results have been obtained in terms of amplification. The light intensity dependence of the photoactivation of the LOV2-STK polypeptide used in the above kinase analysis was investigated. It was found that phot1 was about 10 times more photosensitive than phot2. On the other hand, when the photochemical reactions of both were examined, it was found that the rate of the dark return reaction of phot1 was about 10 times slower than that of phot2. This result indicates that the longer the lifetime of S390II, which is in the kinase-activated state, the higher the photosensitivity of kinase activation. This correlation was further confirmed by extending the lifespan of her S390II with amino acid substitutions. This alone cannot explain the widespread differences in photosensitivity between phot1 and phot2, but it may explain some of them. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate in detail protein modifications such as phosphorylation and the effects of phot interacting factors on photosensitivity. Other LOV photoreceptors Among fern plants and green algae, phytochrome ɾphotosensory module (PSM) on the N-terminal side and chimera photoreceptor with full-length phototropin on the C-terminal side, neochrome (Fig. There are types with 4Ab). It has been reported that some neochromes play a role in chloroplast photolocalization as a red light receiver. It is considered that fern plants have such a chimera photoreceptor in order to survive in a habitat such as undergrowth in a jungle where only red light reaches. In addition to this, plants have only one LOV domain, and three proteins involved in the degradation of photomorphogenesis-related proteins, FKF1 (Flavin-binding, Kelch repeat, F-box 1, ZTL (ZEITLUPE)), LKP2 ( There are LOV Kelch Protein2) (Fig. 4Ac) and aureochrome (Fig. 4Ad), which has a bZip domain on the N-terminal side of LOV and functions as a gene transcription factor. 4. Cryptochrome and UVR8 Cryptochrome is one of the blue photoreceptors and forms a superfamily with the DNA photoreceptor photolyase. It has FAD (flavin adenine dinucle-otide) as a chromophore and tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a condensing pigment. The ground state of FAD is considered to be the oxidized type, and the radical type (broken line in Fig. 1B) generated by blue light irradiation is considered to be the signaling state. The radical type also absorbs in the green to orange light region, and may widen the wavelength region of the plant morphogenesis reaction spectrum. Cryptochrome uses blue light to control physiological functions similar to phytochrome. It was identified as a photoreceptor from one of the causative genes of UVR8 Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chromophore is absorbed in the UVB region by a Trp triad consisting of three tryptophans (Fig. 1D). It is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that function as UV scavengers in plants. Conclusion It is thought that plants have acquired various photoreceptors necessary for their survival during a long evolutionary process. The photoreceptors that cover the existing far-red light to UVB mentioned here are considered to be some of them. More and more diverse photoreceptor genes are conserved in cyanobacteria and marine plankton. By examining these, it is thought that the understanding of plant photoreceptors will be further deepened.

สวัสดีเพื่อน การออกดอกนี้มันชั่งสวยงามมากๆเลย ติดตามเราได้ที่ FB:OwenLab

Estamos aqui começando mais uma semana, algumas folhas apareceram manchadinhas e com uns buraquinhos. Pode ter sido por causa da queda da lampada ensima delas... Folhas muitos grandes e desenvolvimento muito bom A piquena esta crescendo bem,muito forte e linda com belas folhas. Ira crescer para cima reta sem nenhuma tecnica.

Que hay familia os traemos la 3 semana de nuestras green ak xL, y es que están bastante sanas, tuve que atar las puntas a las esquinas por que la altura se nos fue de las manos. Tienen muchos brazos laterales, que espero que en unas semanas sean largas colas de flores. Ph controlado y humedad dentro de los parámetros aconsejables, regamos cada 2 días, y todos los riegos llevan nutrientes. Esta variedad me tiene personalmente desconcertado, es bastante sensible a los cambios así que procuramos tenerla en una rutina alimentaria y lumínica sin nada de cambios, veremos cómo apremia en unos meses.

Day 49 flowering: Hi all , I hope your all well and healthy. I think I have made a few miscalculation errors of flowering weeks here.lol I began timing their flowering period a little later than had been flowering I think. Seeing how advanced the #2 has been the entire grow followed very closely by the #1 , and adding the natural fading and leaves dying off that is very obvious too , these are very near their ripen time. looking back over the diary to when I began timing , the buds are fairly well in process so must have begun earlier but I missed the switch with the other seedling dramas I had going on at the time. oops. I am using the time line to keep the other Gorilla girl (#4) and the switch cheese at least on track timing wise ( sort of .lol) I expect the #2 girl will be ready within 2 weeks now but will show as an early harvest on the days. I have added the Shogun Dragon Force into their feed now for a week ( 2 more feeds at least) and then its a mild feeding of the Megacrop till finish. I do love their products and have been impressed by the dragon forces result on trichs. These Darker Gorilla (#2 +#4) girls are so trich laden already and very tacky to touch with a beautiful fruity smell pushing out too. The pictures just don't compare to the live and direct context with these buds but I tried to catch their best anyway. I haven't seen any pictures on sweets seeds grows of gorilla girls that are this dark purple at all and their examples are more akin to the #1 and #3 i have . I live them appearance of the dark phenos and a sure fire selling point for them ?. @sweetseeds ?. you seen these beautiful girls guys ?. With that said the younger ladies are also doing brilliantly with the #4 starting to swell and frost up similar to her older sister#2. Her structure was set slightly looser than the other 3 to see how it altered their bud production compared. She has wider node gaps that have their own clusters with them and she has grown taller from less ties obviously but , it also created a more airy frame for the density of the buds which is a bonus in a smaller environment. I don't feel as worried about bud rot with her as I do the other 3. I plan to brutal defol one of the next autos being run to see how this affects the final result. using the same strains should be a fair comparison. The Sweet cheese has also allowed me to satisfy my curiosity and try a natural untouched grow. She has some beautiful coloured on her tight single stemmed main and the side branching is attempting to keep up with the main but nowhere near as productive . while she is a capable height , i prefer the L.S.T for shape and working on so far. Being so hands off is a new one for me too.lol Her diesel smell is really evident now and even the lowers are getting a nice chalky appearance of trichs hiding the pink hues she has going on all over. Inhave enjoyed this grow with the sweet girls and only wish I hadn't lost so many of the other strains so early on. A breeder to re visit without doubt. enjoy the pics and video folks . keep well and loved ..

Day 51-26 Fed 2 L till run off . She was thirsty from no feeding yesterday but humidity still fighting hard in the high 50s Day 52-27- Fed 1.5 L Starting to lower nutes Day 53-28- Fed 1.5L Day54-29 Fed 1.5L Day 55-30 Missed Day 56-31 Fed 2.5 L Day 57-32 None Day 58-33 Fed 2L Day 58-34 No feed Day 35 Feed2 L Day 59-36 In one Day60-37 Fed 2L Day 61-38 None Day. 62-39 Feed 3 L . 1st L plain ones water as no run off last few days Then fed 2L with nutes Day 63-40 None Day 64-41 None Day 65-42 Fed 2L Day 66-43 Nothing - starting to see fading I think . Might start flushing in next few days Day 67-44 Fed 2.5 L Say 68-45 None

The first week of flower

Respect for all of you, brother farmers! masters and beginners! thank you again for gathering on the pages of my diaries! we carry out our work with dedication and live on ambition! Come on guys!🙌👽🙌 WE WANTED TO CELEBRATE WITH YOU OUR 3 YEARS OF AGRICULTURE ON THE PLATFORM. GREETINGS TO THE FRIENDS OF @GROWDIARIES WHO MADE THIS POSSIBLE!

We Have Week 8 Day 1 i Think in Week 9 they get Harvest. Maybe the Gorilla Cookies needs 1-2 Weeks more. The Gorilla Glue 4,Kmintz and Lemon Zkittlez Looks Frosty af.

Bubba Kush Mintz Autoflower is doing great. I just did the first solution change on her today. I also did some heavy lst training to prepare her. Everything is going great. Hopefully she takes to the blooming nutrition great 🤞🏻. Thank you Aeque Genetics, Spider Farmer, and Athena. 🤜🏻🤛🏻🌱🌱🌱 Thank you grow diaries community for the 👇likes👇, follows, comments, and subscriptions on my YouTube channel👇. ❄️🌱🍻 Happy Growing 🌱🌱🌱 https://youtube.com/channel/UCAhN7yRzWLpcaRHhMIQ7X4g

It took some time to take off but after week 3 she's just began to explode with many branches, 107 d in total from seed. Very very sticky pungent minty smell. I love it.

Hello growmies 👩‍🌾👨‍🌾🌲🌲, 👋 The girl isn't yet done, Trichromes not ready, so one more week to harvest... Temperature outside start to down around 7*C so coldest in the tent. To start I've stopped to water them, but I'll finally to give one more time next week. 💧 Give water each 2/3 day 1.5 l Water + Flash Cleaner (3 ml/l) PH @6 💡Mars Hydro - FC 3000 50% 48 cm. Mars Hydro Fan kit Setting 7 Have a good week and see you next week 👋 Thanks community for follow, likes, comments, always a pleasure 👩‍🌾👨‍🌾❤️🌲 Mars Hydro - Smart FC3000 300W Samsung LM301B LED Grow Light💡💡 https://www.mars-hydro.com/fc-3000-samsung-lm301b-led-grow-light Mars Hydro - 6 Inch Inline Fan And Carbon Filter Combo With Thermostat Controller 💨💨 https://www.mars-hydro.com/6-inch-inline-duct-fan-and-carbon-filter-combo-with-thermostat-controller Anesia Seeds - Deep Jealousy Auto🌲🌲 https://anesiaseeds.com/product/deep-jealousy-auto/

Day 64 (First Grow, Flowering Phase): Hey everyone! We’re on day 64, and the flowering phase is in full swing. The buds are forming beautifully, and the plants have grown 5-10 cm above the SCROG net, creating a lush canopy. The humidity is steady at around 50% or lower, which is ideal for this stage. To recap, we've been maintaining an even canopy with the SCROG net and our Timor shield mantis continues to keep pests at bay naturally. Our plants are thriving, thanks to the even light distribution and careful humidity control. We're considering installing a second fan in a few weeks to improve airflow and potentially adding a second SCROG net to support the plants as they continue to stretch during flowering. This should help stabilize the plants and ensure they get the support they need as the buds get heavier. Any tips or advice for the next steps? Let us know in the comments!

Day 28 - RH 58% Temp 81F . Ladies are growing great, they are really starting to turn into little bushes & the double mainline is going strong 💪🏻 Thanks for following friends & make sure to check back for daily updates! Happy growing✌️🏼🌱 Day 29 - RH 57% Temp 78F . Couldn’t be happier with the growth! Day 30 - RH 60% Temp 78F . Everything is looking great! Day 31 - RH 51% Temp 78F . Watered today with PH at 6.5, all 3 ladies are doing amazing!👍🏼 Day 32 - RH 53% Temp 81F . Considering topping the ladies tomorrow not sure yet! Still growing beautifully! Day 33 - RH 52% Temp is 80F - Bushing out like crazy & growing strong! The double mainline seems to be bouncing back as well! So far very impressed with this strain😍👍🏼 Day 34 - RH 56% Temp is 79F - Decided to top the two bushy plants today, they also got fed today with PH about 6.3

This week went really great! Plants are looking super healthy today at day 22 from seed!! Today they got a dose of just pure water phd at 6.5 ! Temperature an humidity has been staying pretty stable everyday, staying around 70-75 degrees and 58-61 % humidity!! Can’t wait to see what these girls do this week ! Hope you all enjoy , an had a great safe weekend! Peace love an positive vibes to y’all Cheers 😶‍🌫️💨💨💨If there’s any questions, please ask me 🙏🏻