Growing companian plants works for several reason. It depends on what you want. It also depends on how and where you grow.
I grow out door and my vegging can goes on for a few months. I grow pig weed or floweirng porculata with my cannabis. Pig weed root produces root stimulant and feed beneficial soil microbes. Works really well. But cannabis grows much faster than pig weed and I need to prepare mature batch before planting cannabis. The benefits outweight the cost of extra fertilizer.
Also for out door, there are insect repellent plants, nitrogen fixing plants, etc., take your pick. And there are plants to avoid, for example anti-beterial plants that harbors mold.
For auto, commanian plants may not have time and space to work as well as out door grow.