12-24 hours.
I was worried about this for the first10 years of personal home cultivation, but for the last 25+ years I haven't bothered about it and use water straight from the tap and the plants are just fine and don't seem to mind.
I can not notice any difference between using tap water and "rested water" or even rain water.
I think this myth is mainly in peoples heads, any affect relates to soil microbial life, not the actual plant anyhow.
Adding plenty of organic matter and worm castings to your soil mix compensates for any negative impacts tiny amounts of chlorine MAY have on soil microbes.
Unnecessary flushing of the substrate with large amounts of water for whatever idealogical reason is far worse for soil microbes than using tap water for normal irrigation purposes.
Water away, your plants will be just fine, any water fit for human consumption will be absolutely ok for your plants.
Hope this helps, Organoman.