So if I'm correct in what I see here, all four plants are using the same reservoir, yes? You have some photos that show what seems to be a top-water drip system as well as a bucket... and I think this is where the problem is - at least it's where I would start. The drip system is probably giving those plants nutes from the top and the very dark, almost black clay pebbles indicate to me that a fungus is growing there... which would make sense if your top-water drip has nutes in it. The reason you need to keep all light out of your bucket is so fungus doesn't grow down below in your roots - but if it's growing up top and you're watering from the top, it's sending that fungus down inside your buckets and reservoir. It's the only thing that is making sense to me.
You want to top water with ONLY plain, pH'd water, not with nutes. And once the roots hit the water in the buckets, you don't have to top water any more. What I do for my DWC is to prepare the bucket reservoir with root enhancers and a VERY little nute solution (EC of .02-.04) so that when the roots hit the water, they're getting a little bit to eat and something to help the roots grow well. Before the roots hit the water which is usually about the end of the 1st week from germination, I hand-water about 1/4 cup of plain water through the pebbles once or twice a day around the stem (not up next to it) - that's it. I also start my seeds in Root Riot as opposed to rock wool and they, too, give a good initial environment for those roots to grow.
So those are my thoughts here.. I have no idea whether I'm right or not but nothing else is making any sense to me... you've got VERY dark, almost black clay pebbles and that is not natural..
Good luck.