Yellow butterfly came to see me the other day; that was nice. Starting to show signs of stress on the odd leaf, localized isolated blips, blemishes, who said growing up was going to be easy! Smaller leaves have less surface area for stomata to occupy, so the stomata are packed more densely to maintain adequate gas exchange. Smaller leaves might have higher stomatal density to compensate for their smaller size, potentially maximizing carbon uptake and minimizing water loss. Environmental conditions like light intensity and water availability can influence stomatal density, and these factors can affect leaf size as well. Leaf development involves cell division and expansion, and stomatal differentiation is sensitive to these processes. In essence, the smaller leaf size can lead to a higher stomatal density due to the constraints of available space and the need to optimize gas exchange for photosynthesis and transpiration. In the long term, UV-B radiation can lead to more complex changes in stomatal morphology, including effects on both stomatal density and size, potentially impacting carbon sequestration and water use. In essence, UV-B can be a double-edged sword for stomata: It can induce stomatal closure and potentially reduce stomatal size, but it may also trigger an increase in stomatal density as a compensatory mechanism. It is generally more efficient for gas exchange to have smaller leaves with a higher stomatal density, rather than large leaves with lower stomatal density. This is because smaller stomata can facilitate faster gas exchange due to shorter diffusion pathways, even though they may have the same total pore area as fewer, larger stomata. Leaf size tends to decrease in colder climates to reduce heat loss, while larger leaves are more common in warmer, humid environments. Plants in arid regions often develop smaller leaves with a thicker cuticle and/or hairs to minimize water loss through transpiration. Conversely, plants in wet environments may have larger leaves and drip tips to facilitate water runoff. Leaf size and shape can vary based on light availability. For example, leaves in shaded areas may be larger and thinner to maximize light absorption. Leaf mass per area (LMA) can be higher in stressful environments with limited nutrients, indicating a greater investment in structural components for protection and critical resource conservation. Wind speed, humidity, and soil conditions can also influence leaf morphology, leading to variations in leaf shape, size, and surface characteristics. Small leaves: Reduce water loss in arid or cold climates. Environmental conditions significantly affect gene expression in plants. Plants are sessile organisms, meaning they cannot move to escape unfavorable conditions, so they rely on gene expression to adapt to their surroundings. Environmental factors like light, temperature, water, and nutrient availability can trigger changes in gene expression, allowing plants to respond to and survive in diverse environments. Depending on the environment a young seedling encounters, the developmental program following seed germination could be skotomorphogenesis in the dark or photomorphogenesis in the light. Light signals are interpreted by a repertoire of photoreceptors followed by sophisticated gene expression networks, eventually resulting in developmental changes. The expression and functions of photoreceptors and key signaling molecules are highly coordinated and regulated at multiple levels of the central dogma in molecular biology. Light activates gene expression through the actions of positive transcriptional regulators and the relaxation of chromatin by histone acetylation. Small regulatory RNAs help attenuate the expression of light-responsive genes. Alternative splicing, protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, the formation of diverse transcriptional complexes, and selective protein degradation all contribute to proteome diversity and change the functions of individual proteins. Photomorphogenesis, the light-driven developmental changes in plants, significantly impacts gene expression. It involves a cascade of events where light signals, perceived by photoreceptors, trigger changes in gene expression patterns, ultimately leading to the development of a plant in response to its light environment. Genes are expressed, not dictated! While having the potential to encode proteins, genes are not automatically and constantly active. Instead, their expression (the process of turning them into proteins) is carefully regulated by the cell, responding to internal and external signals. This means that genes can be "turned on" or "turned off," and the level of expression can be adjusted, depending on the cell's needs and the surrounding environment. In plants, genes are not simply "on" or "off" but rather their expression is carefully regulated based on various factors, including the cell type, developmental stage, and environmental conditions. This means that while all cells in a plant contain the same genetic information (the same genes), different cells will express different subsets of those genes at different times. This regulation is crucial for the proper functioning and development of the plant. When a green plant is exposed to red light, much of the red light is absorbed, but some is also reflected back. The reflected red light, along with any blue light reflected from other parts of the plant, can be perceived by our eyes as purple. Carotenoids absorb light in blue-green region of the visible spectrum, complementing chlorophyll's absorption in the red region. They safeguard the photosynthetic machinery from excessive light by activating singlet oxygen, an oxidant formed during photosynthesis. Carotenoids also quench triplet chlorophyll, which can negatively affect photosynthesis, and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular proteins. Additionally, carotenoid derivatives signal plant development and responses to environmental cues. They serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of phytohormones such as abscisic acid () and strigolactones (SLs). These pigments are responsible for the orange, red, and yellow hues of fruits and vegetables, while acting as free scavengers to protect plants during photosynthesis. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is an electronically excited state of molecular oxygen (O₂). Singlet oxygen is produced as a byproduct during photosynthesis, primarily within the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center and light-harvesting antenna complex. This occurs when excess energy from excited chlorophyll molecules is transferred to molecular oxygen. While singlet oxygen can cause oxidative damage, plants have mechanisms to manage its production and mitigate its harmful effects. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is considered a reactive oxygen species (ROS). It's a form of oxygen with higher energy and reactivity compared to the more common triplet oxygen found in its ground state. Singlet oxygen is generated both in biological systems, such as during photosynthesis in plants, and in cellular processes, and through chemical and photochemical reactions. While singlet oxygen is a ROS, it's important to note that it differs from other ROS like superoxide (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in its formation, reactivity, and specific biological roles. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) protects plants from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by dissipating excess light energy as heat. This process reduces the overexcitation of photosynthetic pigments, which can lead to the production of ROS, thus mitigating the potential for photodamage. Zeaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment, plays a crucial role in photoprotection in plants by both enhancing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In high-light conditions, zeaxanthin is synthesized from violaxanthin through the xanthophyll cycle, and this zeaxanthin then facilitates heat dissipation of excess light energy (NPQ) and quenches harmful ROS. The Issue of Singlet Oxygen!! ROS Formation: Blue light, with its higher energy photons, can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, within the plant. Potential Damage: High levels of ROS can damage cellular components, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, potentially impacting plant health and productivity. Balancing Act: A balanced spectrum of light, including both blue and red light, is crucial for mitigating the harmful effects of excessive blue light and promoting optimal plant growth and stress tolerance. The Importance of Red Light: Red light (especially far-red) can help to mitigate the negative effects of excessive blue light by: Balancing the Photoreceptor Response: Red light can influence the activity of photoreceptors like phytochrome, which are involved in regulating plant responses to different light wavelengths. Enhancing Antioxidant Production: Red and blue light can stimulate the production of antioxidants, which help to neutralize ROS and protect the plant from oxidative damage. Optimizing Photosynthesis: Red light is efficiently used in photosynthesis, and its combination with blue light can lead to increased photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production. In controlled environments like greenhouses and vertical farms, optimizing the ratio of blue and red light is a key strategy for promoting healthy plant growth and yield. Understanding the interplay between blue light signaling, ROS production, and antioxidant defense mechanisms can inform breeding programs and biotechnological interventions aimed at improving plant stress resistance. In summary, while blue light is essential for plant development and photosynthesis, it's crucial to balance it with other light wavelengths, particularly red light, to prevent excessive ROS formation and promote overall plant health. Oxidative damage in plants occurs when there's an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the plant's ability to neutralize them, leading to cellular damage. This imbalance, known as oxidative stress, can result from various environmental stressors, affecting plant growth, development, and overall productivity. Causes of Oxidative Damage: Abiotic stresses: These include extreme temperatures (heat and cold), drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and excessive light. Biotic stresses: Pathogen attacks and insect infestations can also trigger oxidative stress. Metabolic processes: Normal cellular activities, particularly in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, can generate ROS as byproducts. Certain chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediates can produce singlet oxygen (1O2), a potent ROS, leading to oxidative damage. ROS can damage lipids (lipid peroxidation), proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (DNA). Oxidative stress can compromise the integrity of cell membranes, affecting their function and permeability. Oxidative damage can interfere with essential cellular functions, including photosynthesis, respiration, and signal transduction. In severe cases, oxidative stress can trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis). Oxidative damage can lead to stunted growth, reduced biomass, and lower crop yields. Plants have evolved intricate antioxidant defense systems to counteract oxidative stress. These include: Enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and various peroxidases scavenge ROS and neutralize their damaging effects. Antioxidant molecules like glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), C60 fullerene, and carotenoids directly neutralize ROS. Developing plant varieties with gene expression focused on enhanced antioxidant capacity and stress tolerance is crucial. Optimizing irrigation, fertilization, and other management practices can help minimize stress and oxidative damage. Applying antioxidant compounds or elicitors can help plants cope with oxidative stress. Introducing genes for enhanced antioxidant enzymes or stress-related proteins over generations. Phytohormones, also known as plant hormones, are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds that regulate plant growth, development, and various physiological processes. The five major classes of phytohormones are: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. In addition to these, other phytohormones like brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and salicylates also play significant roles. Here's a breakdown of the key phytohormones: Auxins: Primarily involved in cell elongation, root initiation, and apical dominance. Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering. Cytokinins: Stimulate cell division and differentiation, and delay leaf senescence. Ethylene: Regulates fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and senescence. Abscisic acid (ABA): Plays a role in seed dormancy, stomatal closure, and stress responses. Brassinosteroids: Involved in cell elongation, division, and stress responses. Jasmonates: Regulate plant defense against pathogens and herbivores, as well as other processes. Salicylic acid: Plays a role in plant defense against pathogens. 1. Red and Far-Red Light (Phytochromes): Red light: Primarily activates the phytochrome system, converting it to its active form (Pfr), which promotes processes like stem elongation and flowering. Far-red light: Inhibits the phytochrome system by converting the active Pfr form back to the inactive Pr form. This can trigger shade avoidance responses and inhibit germination. Phytohormones: Red and far-red light regulate phytohormones like auxin and gibberellins, which are involved in stem elongation and other growth processes. 2. Blue Light (Cryptochromes and Phototropins): Blue light: Activates cryptochromes and phototropins, which are involved in various processes like stomatal opening, seedling de-etiolation, and phototropism (growth towards light). Phytohormones: Blue light affects auxin levels, influencing stem growth, and also impacts other phytohormones involved in these processes. Example: Blue light can promote vegetative growth and can interact with red light to promote flowering. 3. UV-B Light (UV-B Receptors): UV-B light: Perceived by UVR8 receptors, it can affect plant growth and development and has roles in stress responses, like UV protection. Phytohormones: UV-B light can influence phytohormones involved in stress responses, potentially affecting growth and development. 4. Other Colors: Green light: Plants are generally less sensitive to green light, as chlorophyll reflects it. Other wavelengths: While less studied, other wavelengths can also influence plant growth and development through interactions with different photoreceptors and phytohormones. Key Points: Cross-Signaling: Plants often experience a mix of light wavelengths, leading to complex interactions between different photoreceptors and phytohormones. Species Variability: The precise effects of light color on phytohormones can vary between different plant species. Hormonal Interactions: Phytohormones don't act in isolation; their interactions and interplay with other phytohormones and environmental signals are critical for plant responses. The spectral ratio of light (the composition of different colors of light) significantly influences a plant's hormonal balance. Different wavelengths of light are perceived by specific photoreceptors in plants, which in turn regulate the production and activity of various plant hormones (phytohormones). These hormones then control a wide range of developmental processes.

6/15 Everything was dry this morning but the bags STILL had some heft. Much lighter though so I decided to water. I didn't realize how cold the hose is so I'll have to usecthe water inside or premix it. I watered everything at least a half gallon. Things are going great. I'll update as I go. UPDATE: IM GLAD I WATERED. ITS 73° OUT AND NICE AND SUNNY. 6/16 Foggy morning has turned into a sunny day! Plants are doing amazing. So glad I watered. I took a shit ton of pictures but they don't seem to be uploading. VERY FRUSTRATING TO TAKE THE TIME TO TAKE PICS AND VIDEO ONLY TO HAVE IT NOT UPLOAD. It's working now. I canceled out after I uploaded everything. Trying to upload again now. EDIT: EVERYTHING IS FIXED. I UPLOADED A BUNCH OF STUFF. PLANTS IN THE BACK AND THE FRONT SEEMED DRY AND LIGHT. I GAVE THE TWO 10'S AT LEAST A HALF GALLON. I GAVE THE THIRTY A GALLON AND SPLIT THE REMAINDER WITH THE 20'S. I MIXED UP 5 GALLONS. EVEN THOUGH THE PLANTS IN THE MIDDLE WERE DRY THEY STILL WERE FAIRLY HEAVY. IT IS SUNNY AND 80° WITH STRONG WIND. I'LL WATER THE OTHERS IF NEEDED BEFORE WE GET SOME RAIN. WE HAVE RAIN IN THE FORECAST SO ILL KEEP AN EYE OUT. IM VERY IMPRESSED WITH THE GROWTH IM SEEING. I NEED TO DO SOME MORE LST SOON AND PUT UP A TRELLIS. 6/17 I'm glad I watered those plants. Everything is looking GREAT! I didn't get pictures as I was in a hurry. The 3 plants in tje middle are dry on top bit about as heavy as the others. The wind doesn't go through them like the others. I would've watered but they looked happy and we are supposed to be getting rain. I'll be back over later and re-evaluate. EDIT: I GAVE THE THREE IN THE MIDDLE ABOUT A HALF GALLON EACH. EVERUTHING IS LOOKING FANTASTIC. I LSTED SOME. ITS SUPPOSED TO RAIN TONIGHT AND A LITTLE BIT WITHIN THE DEW DAYS BUT NOT WHAT THEY NEED. IM JUST TRYING TO NOT OVER WATER. IM REALLY HAPPY WITH WHAT IM SEEING. 6/18 It's overcast with showers. Rained hard last night and it's been raining off and on this morning. I probably could've made it without watering the three in the middle but I didn't want to chance it. Plus the rain doesn't add up to much anyway. Plants were soaked this morning. Soaked me just shaking them off. I'll update later. This year has been really good so far. 6/19 Overcast and Maineing out (tiny sprinkles tuat appear intermittently). Plants love it. Apparently I've reached my photo limit. At least that's what the app says. AT least I got SOME of these pictures and the video up. I can't belueve the increase in size both vertically, laterally and width. Branches are long and thick. This rain, sun, rain, sun type weather is creating some monsters. Can't wait to see the result. Still on the fence about light depoing. One thing I DO need to do is put up trellises. It sucks if I can't upload anymore pictures or videos. If I see something great I'll just delete a dfferent picture. 6/20 Not raining but still overcast. 71° at 9:15. Plants are still doing amazing. I've dedoliated some damaged old leaves. I can see some plants have shot a few pistols but I don't think reveg will be a big problem. Some have no signs of reveg. A couple spit out a few three finger leaves but that could be from the environmental stressor. I kept my second mk ultra without topping or fimmed. It's stalk is enormous and just the LEAFLETS are bigger than my wrist. ENORMOUS fan leaves. I think this is going to be a great year. 6/21 It's about 80° and clear skies. Bags are a little warm. They still have some heft to them and it's going to rain tonight with showers tomorrow. Those 10's dry out quick so I split a gallon between the two as they were light as fuck. The rest of the front row was a LITTLE lighter than the rest (the big mk ultra in the 30 looked like it wanted some water) so I gave the other three in the front about a half gallon each. It's noontime. I know it's not the best time for watering but sometimes you need to do things when "you're" able to. Plants are looking amazing. Tried to stick a 10th planet branch under a support buf I took it back out. It wad way to kuchvof an angle and the plants will stretch during flower. I pulled it out and there's still a little bend in the stem but nothing that won't return to normal on its own.

Planties are getting bushier :3 This week we focused on LST, providing as much light so smaller tops could reach the size of bigger ones. We raised the light cause NL started showing signs it didnt like being close to the light, but also saw some other issues, tips of canna leafs started to yellow, about a week and a half ago we fed them some nutrience, home made organic and also a mix. So now im not really sure from what caused the yellowing tips. Nutriante deficiancy? Nutrient burn? Light? Taking now a closer look, to see upcoming signs that would make this situation clearer. Apart from yellowing leafs, the smell(rrrlll goood) becomes more noticable, its nice coming to the tent, feels like youre high from growing nature :=) We topped speedy chille and took of yellowing leafs, she really liked it and is now growing 4 tops

The guys and gals over at the fastbuds team have created some great strains. This plant was super Hardy and took a beating with the weather that we have been having outdoors this year .She was Hardy against most things except the cold that just stopped her growth in its tracks and made the tricohmes frost up pretty fast . I love the colour in the plant and would like to try this again outdoors in cold and summer . I would highly recommend fastbuds to anyone great company and customer service ...cheers canna family and follow along for my next grows also hit my IG account @cannibal19888

White Castle aka Iced Widow has a light smell, very pleasant and floral! Each branch will easily have a quarter Oz on them ! This girl is a big producer! I have found a seed here and there, unfortunately my other plant in the tent hermid on me and I didn’t see until to late !

Still a cold April this year but the HPS makes it more warm 🔥 Happy 420 to all the growers here 💚

Flushing chopping tomorrow

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Autos have been transferred, looking good so far..

Ripenes plant and deafling for penetration light pop corn buds,trichome is milky,wait other 2 week for harvest day

2° Semana- Aeroponía - Ligera mejoría de las plantas, el daño de la primera semana aún sigue afectando, sin embargo ya comienzan a tomar forma. Se mantienen las condiciones de cultivo. Los dos videos son de la misma semana pero en distintas etapas. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2° Week- Aeroponics - Slight improvement of the plants, the damage of the first week is still affecting, however they are beginning to take shape. The two videos are from the same week but in different stages.

There is a lot of water right now

FastBuds - Gelato Auto x 1 Dry Weight - 2 ounce and 20.73 gram I can definitely see an increase in weight and yield from doing the mainlining technique I would normally get around 1.7 oz of an auto If I hadn't done any training and not lollypopped and defoilated the plant. Highly recommend this method to avoid clutter , little popcorn nugs and messy plants. I thought I lost a plant to herm but I could have been wrong as I seen a diary on here that looked very similar to the one I Isolated and it turned out OK. Smoked that one already and didn't hear any popping or cracking of seeds so she could have gone longer but I didn't wanna risk other plants turning. Nugs are rock solid! Gassy lemony smell! Tried one last night as a tester and it was niiiiiice! Will try and let the cure begin before I raid the jars lol Buzzing with results! This was also a sample from FastBuds so good! 🙌🍦🍦🍦🔥🔥🔥 👊

Next grow week done Nothern light topped...started to grow better after one week of my absence and pure stress for the plant...nutrients data above are only for this plant Northern light untopped which gets only aptus nutrients (data see last week) shows impressive grow...develops monster leaves which is a bit problematic...lower part does not have enough light...however I decided not to influence this plant much...only done some light lst

Curing time. Doing it in jars. I feel like only half the product is full and thick and other half loose and stringy buds. I had many issues getting it right for my first time which I believe led to this. One is watering which I didn’t fully grasp until too late, other is over doing nutes, then I had temp issues. Learning a lot and really happy that I was able to harvest anything.

** COST ** TO RUN - Used previous ⛺️ setup : $0.00 - Monthly electricity : $36.73 <-- other ladies sharing ⛺️ - 1 Gallon Fabric pot : $0.10 - Bonsai wire : Apx. $0.03 - Reused soil from last run : $0.00 FOR NUTRIENTS - Jadam Microbial Solution : $0.00 - Fermented Plant Juice : $0.00 APPLYING - JMS : 30ml / 1 Litter - FPJ : 30ml / 1 litter TOTAL COST : $36.86 Throughout the week, I give JSM, and fermented plant juice once each ^^ Hope you guys have a wonderful day today ^^v *** Please Like, comment & share *** Highly appreciated -----/-----<@

Week 11 Day 71~77 Hi everyone, During this week, the buds are filled with alot of trichomes.They look so big and frosty.Almost all the buds are equal and that’s the benefits of ScrOG training.I took some macro shots and already can see some cloudy ones.Not so long to harvest.... Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to you all... 🎉 😊 ✌️ Jack RO water Bloom- 3.0ml/L Micro- 3.0ml/L Overdrive- 2.0ml/L pH-5.3 ppm-1000 Run off pH-6.3 ppm-1250 Jack Potting mix recipe Coco peat: 50% Perlite: 20% Soil compost: 10% Bone meal: 5% Earthworm fertilizer: 5% Marble Stone: 5% Tea leaf fertilizer: 2% Crashed Egg shell: 1% Chicken manure: 1% Gypsum: 1% Scrog size Area : 1ft x 1ft (30cm x 30cm) Hole size : 2” (5 cm) Material : iron welded by four steel pillars. Height from base: 6” (15cm)

Hello guys! This week was amazing for my girls & Me! :D 4 of them are showing a great sign of flowering! After I defoliated all and tried main Lining for the first time! I didn’t expect such a great results! They are already healing and I should say: I’m falling in love with growing!! It’s like my thing! After hours and hours reading and searching! When i see them happy like this, feels like all of my efforts are paying off. I just wish they weren’t autos! A newbe grower totally can handle an original femmenized seed! I don’t know why everyone said go for autos for tour firat grow!! I’m practicing most of the trainings suitable for autos till i get real stuff!! Soon! I also got that powerful AC, i was hesitating to buy!! it’s pretty amazing! Now I can grow my pineapple Express at thr best temp 25 degrees with 2200w! I just hope i dont get too suprise when i see the Bill😅

J'ai pratiquer sur elles la défoliation extrême qui consiste a enlevé les grosse feuilles nourricière pour permettre une meilleure penétration de la lumière et de la circulation de l'air voyons ce que cela va donner au prochain épisode growers.