ANTHOCYANIN production is primarily controlled by the Cryptochrome (CR1) Photoreceptor ( !! UV and Blue Spectrums are primary drivers in the production of the pigment that replaces chlorophyll, isn't that awesome! 1. Diverse photoreceptors in plants Many civilizations, including the sun god of ancient Egypt, thought that the blessings of sunlight were the source of life. In fact, the survival of all life, including humans, is supported by the photosynthesis of plants that capture solar energy. Plants that perform photosynthesis have no means of transportation except for some algae. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor various changes in the external environment and respond appropriately to the place to survive. Among various environmental information, light is especially important information for plants that perform photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, plants acquired phytochrome, which mainly receives light in the red light region, and multiple blue light receptors, including his hytropin and phototropin, in order to sense the light environment. .. In addition to these, an ultraviolet light receptor named UVR8 was recently discovered. The latest image of the molecular structure and function of these various plant photoreceptors (Fig. 1), focusing on phytochrome and phototropin. Figure 1 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8. The dashed line represents each bioactive absorption spectrum. 2. Phytochrome; red-far red photoreversible molecular switch What is phytochrome? Phytochrome is a photochromic photoreceptor, and has two absorption types, a red light absorption type Pr (absorption maximum wavelength of about 665 nm) and a far-red light absorption type Pfr (730 nm). Reversible light conversion between the two by red light and far-red light, respectively(Fig. 1A, solid line and broken line). In general, Pfr is the active form that causes a physiological response. With some exceptions, phytochrome can be said to function as a photoreversible molecular switch. The background of the discovery is as follows. There are some types of plants that require light for germination (light seed germination). From that study, it was found that germination was induced by red light, the effect was inhibited by subsequent far-red light irradiation, and this could be repeated, and the existence of photoreceptors that reversibly photoconvert was predicted. In 1959, its existence was confirmed by the absorption spectrum measurement of the yellow sprout tissue, and it was named phytochrome. Why does the plant have a sensor to distinguish between such red light and far-red light? There is no big difference between the red and far-red light regions in the open-field spectrum of sunlight, but the proportion of red light is greatly reduced due to the absorption of chloroplasts in the shade of plants. Similar changes in light quality occur in the evening sunlight. Plants perceive this difference in light quality as the ratio of Pr and Pfr, recognize the light environment, and respond to it. Subsequent studies have revealed that it is responsible for various photomorphogenic reactions such as photoperiodic flowering induction, shade repellent, and deyellowing (greening). Furthermore, with the introduction of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and the development of molecular biological analysis methods, research has progressed dramatically, and his five types of phytochromes (phyA-E) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. all right. With the progress of the genome project, Fi’s tochrome-like photoreceptors were found in cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic prokaryotes other than plants. Furthermore, in non-photosynthetic bacteria, a homologue molecule called bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and radiation-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans, Dr). Domain structure of phytochrome molecule Phytochrome molecule can be roughly divided into N-terminal side and C-terminal side region. PAS (Per / Arndt / Sim: blue), GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase / adenylyl cyclase / FhlA: green), PHY (phyto-chrome: purple) 3 in the N-terminal region of plant phytochrome (Fig. 2A) There are two domains and an N-terminal extension region (NTE: dark blue), and phytochromobilin (PΦB), which is one of the ring-opening tetrapyrroles, is thioether-bonded to the system stored in GAF as a chromophore. ing. PAS is a domain involved in the interaction between signal transduction-related proteins, and PHY is a phytochrome-specific domain. There are two PASs and her histidine kinase-related (HKR) domain (red) in the C-terminal region, but the histidine essential for kinase activity is not conserved. 3. Phototropin; photosynthetic efficiency optimized blue light receptor What is phototropin? Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution, wrote in his book “The power of move-ment in plants” published in 1882 that plants bend toward blue light. Approximately 100 years later, the protein nph1 (nonphoto-tropic hypocotyl 1) encoded by one of the causative genes of Arabidopsis mutants causing phototropic abnormalities was identified as a blue photoreceptor. Later, another isotype npl1 was found and renamed phototropin 1 (phot1) and 2 (phot2), respectively. In addition to phototropism, phototropin is damaged by chloroplast photolocalization (chloroplasts move through the epidermal cells of the leaves and gather on the cell surface under appropriate light intensity for photosynthesis. As a photoreceptor for reactions such as escaping to the side of cells under dangerous strong light) and stomata (reactions that open stomata to optimize the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is the rate-determining process of photosynthetic reactions). It became clear that it worked. In this way, phototropin can be said to be a blue light receptor responsible for optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Domain structure and LOV photoreaction of phototropin molecule Phototropin molecule has two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) called LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage sensing) on the N-terminal side, and serine / on the C-terminal side. It is a protein kinase that forms threonine kinase (STK) (Fig. 4Aa) and whose activity is regulated by light. LOV is one molecule as a chromophore, he binds FMN (flavin mononucleotide) non-covalently. The LOV forms an α/βfold, and the FMN is located on a β-sheet consisting of five antiparallel β-strands (Fig. 4B). The FMN in the ground state LOV shows the absorption spectrum of a typical oxidized flavin protein with a triplet oscillation structure and an absorption maximum wavelength of 450 nm, and is called D450 (Fig. 1C and Fig. 4E). After being excited to the singlet excited state by blue light, the FMN shifts to the triplet excited state (L660t *) due to intersystem crossing, and then the C4 (Fig. 4C) of the isoaroxazine ring of the FMN is conserved in the vicinity. It forms a transient accretionary prism with the tain (red part in Fig. 4B Eα) (S390I). When this cysteine is replaced with alanine (C / A substitution), the addition reaction does not occur. The effect of adduct formation propagates to the protein moiety, causing kinase activation (S390II). After that, the formed cysteine-flavin adduct spontaneously dissociates and returns to the original D450 (Fig. 4E, dark regression reaction). Phototropin kinase activity control mechanism by LOV2 Why does phototropin have two LOVs? Atphot1 was found as a protein that is rapidly autophosphorylated when irradiated with blue light. The effect of the above C / A substitution on this self-phosphorylation reaction and phototropism was investigated, and LOV2 is the main photomolecular switch in both self-phosphorylation and phototropism. It turns out that it functions as. After that, from experiments using artificial substrates, STK has a constitutive activity, LOV2 functions as an inhibitory domain of this activity, and the inhibition is eliminated by photoreaction, while LOV1 is kinase light. It was shown to modify the photosensitivity of the activation reaction. In addition to this, LOV1 was found to act as a dimerization site from the crystal structure and his SAXS. What kind of molecular mechanism does LOV2 use to photoregulate kinase activity? The following two modules play important roles in this intramolecular signal transduction. Figure 4 (A) Domain structure of LOV photoreceptors. a: Phototropin b: Neochrome c: FKF1 family protein d: Aureochrome (B) Crystal structure of auto barley phot1 LOV2. (C) Structure of FMN isoaroxazine ring. (D) Schematic diagram of the functional domain and module of Arabidopsis thaliana phot1. L, A’α, and Jα represent linker, A’α helix, and Jα helix, respectively. (E) LOV photoreaction. (F) Molecular structure model (mesh) of the LOV2-STK sample (black line) containing A’α of phot2 obtained based on SAXS under dark (top) and under bright (bottom). The yellow, red, and green space-filled models represent the crystal structures of LOV2-Jα, protein kinase A N-lobe, and C-robe, respectively, and black represents FMN. See the text for details. 1) Jα. LOV2 C of oat phot1-to α immediately after the terminus Rix (Jα) is present (Fig. 4D), which interacts with the β-sheet (Fig. 4B) that forms the FMN-bound scaffold of LOV2 in the dark, but unfolds and dissociates from the β-sheet with photoreaction. It was shown by NMR that it does. According to the crystal structure of LOV2-Jα, this Jα is located on the back surface of the β sheet and mainly has a hydrophobic interaction. The formation of S390II causes twisting of the isoaroxazine ring and protonation of N5 (Fig. 4C). As a result, the glutamine side chain present on his Iβ strand (Fig. 4B) in the β-sheet rotates to form a hydrogen bond with this protonated N5. Jα interacts with this his Iβ strand, and these changes are thought to cause the unfold-ing of Jα and dissociation from the β-sheet described above. Experiments such as amino acid substitution of Iβ strands revealed that kinases exhibit constitutive activity when this interaction is eliminated, and that Jα plays an important role in photoactivation of kinases. 2) A’α / Aβ gap. Recently, several results have been reported showing the involvement of amino acids near the A’α helix (Fig. 4D) located upstream of the N-terminal of LOV2 in kinase photoactivation. Therefore, he investigated the role of this A’α and its neighboring amino acids in kinase photoactivation, photoreaction, and Jα structural change for Atphot1. The LOV2-STK polypeptide (Fig. 4D, underlined in black) was used as a photocontrollable kinase for kinase activity analysis. As a result, it was found that the photoactivation of the kinase was abolished when amino acid substitution was introduced into the A’α / Aβ gap between A’α and Aβ of the LOV2 core. Interestingly, he had no effect on the structural changes in Jα examined on the peptide map due to the photoreaction of LOV2 or trypsin degradation. Therefore, the A’α / Aβ gap is considered to play an important role in intramolecular signal transduction after Jα. Structural changes detected by SAXS Structural changes of Jα have been detected by various biophysical methods other than NMR, but structural information on samples including up to STK is reported only by his results to his SAXS. Not. The SAXS measurement of the Atphot2 LOV2-STK polypeptide showed that the radius of inertia increased from 32.4 Å to 34.8 Å, and the molecular model (Fig. 4F) obtained by the ab initio modeling software GASBOR is that of LOV2 and STK. It was shown that the N lobes and C lobes lined up in tandem, and the relative position of LOV2 with respect to STK shifted by about 13 Å under light irradiation. The difference in the molecular model between the two is considered to reflect the structural changes that occur in the Jα and A’α / Aβ gaps mentioned above. Two phototropins with different photosensitivity In the phototropic reaction of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis responds to a very wide range of light intensities from 10–4 to 102 μmol photon / sec / m2. At that time, phot1 functions as an optical sensor in a wide range from low light to strong light, while phot2 reacts with light stronger than 1 μmol photon / sec / m2. What is the origin of these differences? As is well known, animal photoreceptors have a high photosensitivity due to the abundance of rhodopsin and the presence of biochemical amplification mechanisms. The exact abundance of phot1 and phot2 in vivo is unknown, but interesting results have been obtained in terms of amplification. The light intensity dependence of the photoactivation of the LOV2-STK polypeptide used in the above kinase analysis was investigated. It was found that phot1 was about 10 times more photosensitive than phot2. On the other hand, when the photochemical reactions of both were examined, it was found that the rate of the dark return reaction of phot1 was about 10 times slower than that of phot2. This result indicates that the longer the lifetime of S390II, which is in the kinase-activated state, the higher the photosensitivity of kinase activation. This correlation was further confirmed by extending the lifespan of her S390II with amino acid substitutions. This alone cannot explain the widespread differences in photosensitivity between phot1 and phot2, but it may explain some of them. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate in detail protein modifications such as phosphorylation and the effects of phot interacting factors on photosensitivity. Other LOV photoreceptors Among fern plants and green algae, phytochrome ɾphotosensory module (PSM) on the N-terminal side and chimera photoreceptor with full-length phototropin on the C-terminal side, neochrome (Fig. There are types with 4Ab). It has been reported that some neochromes play a role in chloroplast photolocalization as a red light receiver. It is considered that fern plants have such a chimera photoreceptor in order to survive in a habitat such as undergrowth in a jungle where only red light reaches. In addition to this, plants have only one LOV domain, and three proteins involved in the degradation of photomorphogenesis-related proteins, FKF1 (Flavin-binding, Kelch repeat, F-box 1, ZTL (ZEITLUPE)), LKP2 ( There are LOV Kelch Protein2) (Fig. 4Ac) and aureochrome (Fig. 4Ad), which has a bZip domain on the N-terminal side of LOV and functions as a gene transcription factor. 4. Cryptochrome and UVR8 Cryptochrome is one of the blue photoreceptors and forms a superfamily with the DNA photoreceptor photolyase. It has FAD (flavin adenine dinucle-otide) as a chromophore and tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a condensing pigment. The ground state of FAD is considered to be the oxidized type, and the radical type (broken line in Fig. 1B) generated by blue light irradiation is considered to be the signaling state. The radical type also absorbs in the green to orange light region, and may widen the wavelength region of the plant morphogenesis reaction spectrum. Cryptochrome uses blue light to control physiological functions similar to phytochrome. It was identified as a photoreceptor from one of the causative genes of UVR8 Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chromophore is absorbed in the UVB region by a Trp triad consisting of three tryptophans (Fig. 1D). It is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that function as UV scavengers in plants. Conclusion It is thought that plants have acquired various photoreceptors necessary for their survival during a long evolutionary process. The photoreceptors that cover the existing far-red light to UVB mentioned here are considered to be some of them. More and more diverse photoreceptor genes are conserved in cyanobacteria and marine plankton. By examining these, it is thought that the understanding of plant photoreceptors will be further deepened.

This is the week 2! Well, the plant looks really healthy, and she kept growing up, straight to the light! Good to see that even after the strange beginning, with the stem crooked, she recover her path! This week, I'm also planning to start feeding them with some NPK. Just need to read a little bit more about it and buy nutrients. Probably I'll try Canna stuff. Anyone know if it's good?

Coming along nicely this week, hoping to see them explode in the next 2-3weeks. All are very healthy and have responded just how I like to LST. Purpinator is bringing out the smells in there definately and they are all smelling good in their own way. I recommend all the products I have used in this diary highly as they haven't failed me in the past(yield and quality). The only new product I am using is green planet purpinator, so I will let you know if I recommend this too when all is finished. I'll upload daily or every couple of days. To clarify I have 6x 55litre buckets with 3 plants of the same strain in each. I have used coco substrate and grown all of them from seed(courtesy of barney's farm) Thanks for looking.

Just finishing week 4. Damn fungus gnats got me down. Laying some mosquito dunk water on them and expect / hope to have that eradicated soon. Going to do my second leaf stripping in first day or two and a second top dressing, which I do every two weeks up to week 5 or 6.

5/11 - 5/17: I have her in full LST submission..sprawling nicely.👌 I watered her once really well at the start of the week with endoboost, humic acid, silica, cal-mag, molasses, and big bloom...and a little bit of grow big. I foliar fed with boom boom spray one day, and a solution of fulvic acid, cal-mag, big bloom, sweet & sticky, and silica a few days. It rained really heavy on the night of the 15th, so I won't be watering again anytime soon. All her topped shoots are growing out now. I'll have enough soil for a few plants in 3 gallon pots, and from what everybody says, I'd be very happy with some more jars of #7. I spent all 3 seeds to grow this one plant, so I'll try rooting some clones of her soon...👈 This week I received my new portable outdoor misting fan and hoses and got it set up on a timer with just airflow while the lights are on, and once the temps reach about 95f regularly, I'll have my hose timer let 10 minutes of water every 2 hours get misted across the canopy. It should lower the "real feel" by about 25-30 degrees and increase RH considerably. Also hoping that the constant airflow will make them stronger and keep insects off of them somewhat. It will also enable me to easily give them a blow dry if it rains in late flower. But wait...that's not all....it's also gonna be very much more enjoyable for me to sit in the garden and do my thang. 👍 I found a waterproof 200w 3000k light that has two panels that can be independently aimed in different directions. It covers a 3' x 4' area very well. It gets hot as hell, but..it's outdoors, so.... All total, that's 470w watts in 24 sq ft that i'm supplementing with. I've got very vigorous growth, so it seems to be doing the trick,

Jus trying to make the best out of a bad situation....when is not pouring rain...got excessive heat warning but still gonna pull tru with something....girls are smelling lovely and got that sticky feel to dem leave you fingers wet jus by passing over...harvesting is the upcoming week jus to prevent any further damages.

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Week 18: 😅 I hope the work we put in this week, sets us up for a successful next couple weeks. We really pushed through the rest of our flower defoliation. I think we learned alot through this process. Every branch can not live on. Branches and primary growth points are two very different things. We also learned that flower and veg have different needs. I am now noticing the soil is almost bone dry in about 4/5 days, so by the 3rd day the plants need more water... This is important to note.. as we will be traveling for the holidays for the next two weeks (NOLA, HOU, RIO). May God be with us over these next few weeks. I'm glad I have a ring camera installed in the tent for times like these... but I would not recommend purchasing this camera for the purpose of a grow tent cam. Will be trying the Wyze or another type of camera for more timelapse content in the future. Will check back in later this week with pictures from my friend that will be watering for us.

Bellissime genetiche x pure instinto... Mangiatrici di npk ... Ma resistenti...

Left tent is a week ahead. Fair amount of stretching this week. This time I’m paying close attention to keep flower sites high up. My experiment with bottom lighting did not went so great. I had a record yield but the quality was really bad in about 30-35% of flowers. Weak density. I’m definitely going to try again from the beginning but not this time. I have to pay attention to not let any plant get to big of a dryback in veg. It really influences the later stretching and make the plant too compact in sensitive cultivars.

Info: Unfortunately, I had to find out that my account is used for fake pages in social media. I am only active here on growdiaries. I am not on facebook instagram twitter etc All accounts except this one are fake. Have fun with the update. Flowering day 71 since the time change to 12/12 h. Hey everyone :-) It's slowly coming to an end . I will be harvesting them in the next 3-5 days. As always, the light is turned off 48 hours beforehand 👍. The trichomes are 70 milky and 30% amber 😀. The water was set up again today with an Ec of 0.4 so that it can use up all remaining nutrients. I wish you all the best until the harvest update. Stay healthy 🙏🏻 You can buy this Strain at https://www.amsterdamgenetics.com/product/kosher-tangie-kush/ Type: Kosher Tangie Kush ☝️🏼 Genetics: Kosher Kush X Tangie 👍 Vega lamp: 2 x Todogrow LED CXB3590 COB 55 W 1 x Sanlight S2W 62 W 💡 Flower lamp : 2 x Todogrow LED CXB3590 COB 55 W 1 x Sanlight S2W 62 W 💡 ☝️ Grow Aero System : Growtool 0.8 ☝️ Fertilizer: Canna Aqua Vega A + B , Canna Aqua Flores A + B , Rizotonic, Cannazym, CANNA Boost, Pk 13/14, Canna Cal / Mag, Canna Ph - Grow, Canna Ph-Bloom ☝️🌱 Water: Osmosis water mixed with normal water (24 hours stale that the chlorine evaporates) to 0.2 EG. Add Cal / Mag to 0.4 Ec Ph with ph- to 5.2 - 5.8 💦 💧

day 49 just pure water phed down. it is day 51, morning before lights on, I might chop today. I use a zero water filter pitcher got off walmart. My humidifier is only a sonic wave. If you use regular tap water it will get gunky in a sonic humidifier. If you have a heat humidifier that boils the water the mist should be clean. These are the 2 types of water humidifiers. Researching best water filters this "zero water" also comes with a free ppm meter! yay! Other water pitcher brands; the water still has ppm. So water misted will still have ppm contamination. You can easily used distilled water only, and reverse osmosis. I just fill a 4gal office water jug with the pitcher and fill my humidifier when needed. I do not use a humidifier in my entire grow up to this point when I chop, I need the perfect rh or this whole effort can fail. growing up to this point only requires 20% effort, chopping now for the 2 weeks dry is this 80% of crucial determination, succeed. A lot of tasks are required today for a clean chop. I feel confident, observed my cross seeds with pink paradise and one with a slightly open caylex looks dark enough for successful germination. I figured 8-16 seeds may be created, 3-4 buds were potentially pollinated. Many growers don't understand when creating genetics with female/female there is a slight chance of herm. You lose 50% of your genetic function. Just water last 2 days, no humic no folvic, 1st time entire grow ha! There is a lot of cleaning to do, remove the trees, clean the entire tent and environment with bleach water, hacksaw. I am very proud of my grow. I have sampled 3 of the strains, dr. thunder legit made my lips numb but it could have just been the terps removing my skin cells from the sticky filter, no lie. This is my best grow to date. I did this for you, and to document hype or not under the best conditions I could give my plants, full max potential, although I wish I had more lights, I am not looking for industrial lol, this is how I grow. Learn a lot on youtube and podcasts there is many good content and I may dab into it. You can have a room full of growers and you have 1 seed in your hand, they will all tell you that their way is correct ;) and the best way. Oreo is stinky AF, Bridal is just amazing glad its massive, just not into sativa but the test seemed slight sativa with majority indica, pink untested, dr, thunder just a lip numming plant aha, its very nice, all 4 amazing appeal like advertised, and excited for next run. Either crosses from this or other copycat genetics. I will give you beautiful glamout shots today, the sizes of the plants, My guesstimate bridal 1lb, thunder 1lb, pink, 0.4lb, bridal 0.5, I am ambitious off 640w lm301h, and 4x 20w blurples daisy chained. day 51 4 chopped see you in a few weeks :D

Questa runtz layer cake è spettacolare.la adoro in tutto... buona di profumi ed effetto. Facile da coltivare e buona resa

Week 8👍🤙👍🌱 Had a very nice weekend at the Cannabis Expo Cape Town. Canna 🍺 Goodies and Big I mean BIG shout out to Chad from Dynomyco!!! Jon Dabs Check them out here: https://jondabs.com @jondabs Instagram The Sponsors Check them out here: Dutch Passion https://dutch-passion.com/en/ Hydroponic.co.za https://hydroponic.co.za/hydroponic/harvesting-and-growing-accessories/ Bud Juice https://www.gohydro.co.za The Best Grow https://thebestgrow.co.za Dynomyco https://www.dynomyco.com Nuclear Roots https://www.nuclearroots.co.za Photronic https://shop.photronic.net Special Thanks to Hydroponic.co.za. I buy all my products from them. Best service. Daily updates coming...

One step at the time! My plant got a new house. I love this tent! Also it keep the smell inside. Now it’s time to guess if it’s a boy or a girl! I bet for a girl 💖

6 plants harvested for a total weight of 15.75oz