ANTHOCYANIN production is primarily controlled by the Cryptochrome (CR1) Photoreceptor ( !! UV and Blue Spectrums are primary drivers in the production of the pigment that replaces chlorophyll, isn't that awesome! 1. Diverse photoreceptors in plants Many civilizations, including the sun god of ancient Egypt, thought that the blessings of sunlight were the source of life. In fact, the survival of all life, including humans, is supported by the photosynthesis of plants that capture solar energy. Plants that perform photosynthesis have no means of transportation except for some algae. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor various changes in the external environment and respond appropriately to the place to survive. Among various environmental information, light is especially important information for plants that perform photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, plants acquired phytochrome, which mainly receives light in the red light region, and multiple blue light receptors, including his hytropin and phototropin, in order to sense the light environment. .. In addition to these, an ultraviolet light receptor named UVR8 was recently discovered. The latest image of the molecular structure and function of these various plant photoreceptors (Fig. 1), focusing on phytochrome and phototropin. Figure 1 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8. The dashed line represents each bioactive absorption spectrum. 2. Phytochrome; red-far red photoreversible molecular switch What is phytochrome? Phytochrome is a photochromic photoreceptor, and has two absorption types, a red light absorption type Pr (absorption maximum wavelength of about 665 nm) and a far-red light absorption type Pfr (730 nm). Reversible light conversion between the two by red light and far-red light, respectively(Fig. 1A, solid line and broken line). In general, Pfr is the active form that causes a physiological response. With some exceptions, phytochrome can be said to function as a photoreversible molecular switch. The background of the discovery is as follows. There are some types of plants that require light for germination (light seed germination). From that study, it was found that germination was induced by red light, the effect was inhibited by subsequent far-red light irradiation, and this could be repeated, and the existence of photoreceptors that reversibly photoconvert was predicted. In 1959, its existence was confirmed by the absorption spectrum measurement of the yellow sprout tissue, and it was named phytochrome. Why does the plant have a sensor to distinguish between such red light and far-red light? There is no big difference between the red and far-red light regions in the open-field spectrum of sunlight, but the proportion of red light is greatly reduced due to the absorption of chloroplasts in the shade of plants. Similar changes in light quality occur in the evening sunlight. Plants perceive this difference in light quality as the ratio of Pr and Pfr, recognize the light environment, and respond to it. Subsequent studies have revealed that it is responsible for various photomorphogenic reactions such as photoperiodic flowering induction, shade repellent, and deyellowing (greening). Furthermore, with the introduction of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and the development of molecular biological analysis methods, research has progressed dramatically, and his five types of phytochromes (phyA-E) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. all right. With the progress of the genome project, Fi’s tochrome-like photoreceptors were found in cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic prokaryotes other than plants. Furthermore, in non-photosynthetic bacteria, a homologue molecule called bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and radiation-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans, Dr). Domain structure of phytochrome molecule Phytochrome molecule can be roughly divided into N-terminal side and C-terminal side region. PAS (Per / Arndt / Sim: blue), GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase / adenylyl cyclase / FhlA: green), PHY (phyto-chrome: purple) 3 in the N-terminal region of plant phytochrome (Fig. 2A) There are two domains and an N-terminal extension region (NTE: dark blue), and phytochromobilin (PΦB), which is one of the ring-opening tetrapyrroles, is thioether-bonded to the system stored in GAF as a chromophore. ing. PAS is a domain involved in the interaction between signal transduction-related proteins, and PHY is a phytochrome-specific domain. There are two PASs and her histidine kinase-related (HKR) domain (red) in the C-terminal region, but the histidine essential for kinase activity is not conserved. 3. Phototropin; photosynthetic efficiency optimized blue light receptor What is phototropin? Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution, wrote in his book “The power of move-ment in plants” published in 1882 that plants bend toward blue light. Approximately 100 years later, the protein nph1 (nonphoto-tropic hypocotyl 1) encoded by one of the causative genes of Arabidopsis mutants causing phototropic abnormalities was identified as a blue photoreceptor. Later, another isotype npl1 was found and renamed phototropin 1 (phot1) and 2 (phot2), respectively. In addition to phototropism, phototropin is damaged by chloroplast photolocalization (chloroplasts move through the epidermal cells of the leaves and gather on the cell surface under appropriate light intensity for photosynthesis. As a photoreceptor for reactions such as escaping to the side of cells under dangerous strong light) and stomata (reactions that open stomata to optimize the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is the rate-determining process of photosynthetic reactions). It became clear that it worked. In this way, phototropin can be said to be a blue light receptor responsible for optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Domain structure and LOV photoreaction of phototropin molecule Phototropin molecule has two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) called LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage sensing) on the N-terminal side, and serine / on the C-terminal side. It is a protein kinase that forms threonine kinase (STK) (Fig. 4Aa) and whose activity is regulated by light. LOV is one molecule as a chromophore, he binds FMN (flavin mononucleotide) non-covalently. The LOV forms an α/βfold, and the FMN is located on a β-sheet consisting of five antiparallel β-strands (Fig. 4B). The FMN in the ground state LOV shows the absorption spectrum of a typical oxidized flavin protein with a triplet oscillation structure and an absorption maximum wavelength of 450 nm, and is called D450 (Fig. 1C and Fig. 4E). After being excited to the singlet excited state by blue light, the FMN shifts to the triplet excited state (L660t *) due to intersystem crossing, and then the C4 (Fig. 4C) of the isoaroxazine ring of the FMN is conserved in the vicinity. It forms a transient accretionary prism with the tain (red part in Fig. 4B Eα) (S390I). When this cysteine is replaced with alanine (C / A substitution), the addition reaction does not occur. The effect of adduct formation propagates to the protein moiety, causing kinase activation (S390II). After that, the formed cysteine-flavin adduct spontaneously dissociates and returns to the original D450 (Fig. 4E, dark regression reaction). Phototropin kinase activity control mechanism by LOV2 Why does phototropin have two LOVs? Atphot1 was found as a protein that is rapidly autophosphorylated when irradiated with blue light. The effect of the above C / A substitution on this self-phosphorylation reaction and phototropism was investigated, and LOV2 is the main photomolecular switch in both self-phosphorylation and phototropism. It turns out that it functions as. After that, from experiments using artificial substrates, STK has a constitutive activity, LOV2 functions as an inhibitory domain of this activity, and the inhibition is eliminated by photoreaction, while LOV1 is kinase light. It was shown to modify the photosensitivity of the activation reaction. In addition to this, LOV1 was found to act as a dimerization site from the crystal structure and his SAXS. What kind of molecular mechanism does LOV2 use to photoregulate kinase activity? The following two modules play important roles in this intramolecular signal transduction. Figure 4 (A) Domain structure of LOV photoreceptors. a: Phototropin b: Neochrome c: FKF1 family protein d: Aureochrome (B) Crystal structure of auto barley phot1 LOV2. (C) Structure of FMN isoaroxazine ring. (D) Schematic diagram of the functional domain and module of Arabidopsis thaliana phot1. L, A’α, and Jα represent linker, A’α helix, and Jα helix, respectively. (E) LOV photoreaction. (F) Molecular structure model (mesh) of the LOV2-STK sample (black line) containing A’α of phot2 obtained based on SAXS under dark (top) and under bright (bottom). The yellow, red, and green space-filled models represent the crystal structures of LOV2-Jα, protein kinase A N-lobe, and C-robe, respectively, and black represents FMN. See the text for details. 1) Jα. LOV2 C of oat phot1-to α immediately after the terminus Rix (Jα) is present (Fig. 4D), which interacts with the β-sheet (Fig. 4B) that forms the FMN-bound scaffold of LOV2 in the dark, but unfolds and dissociates from the β-sheet with photoreaction. It was shown by NMR that it does. According to the crystal structure of LOV2-Jα, this Jα is located on the back surface of the β sheet and mainly has a hydrophobic interaction. The formation of S390II causes twisting of the isoaroxazine ring and protonation of N5 (Fig. 4C). As a result, the glutamine side chain present on his Iβ strand (Fig. 4B) in the β-sheet rotates to form a hydrogen bond with this protonated N5. Jα interacts with this his Iβ strand, and these changes are thought to cause the unfold-ing of Jα and dissociation from the β-sheet described above. Experiments such as amino acid substitution of Iβ strands revealed that kinases exhibit constitutive activity when this interaction is eliminated, and that Jα plays an important role in photoactivation of kinases. 2) A’α / Aβ gap. Recently, several results have been reported showing the involvement of amino acids near the A’α helix (Fig. 4D) located upstream of the N-terminal of LOV2 in kinase photoactivation. Therefore, he investigated the role of this A’α and its neighboring amino acids in kinase photoactivation, photoreaction, and Jα structural change for Atphot1. The LOV2-STK polypeptide (Fig. 4D, underlined in black) was used as a photocontrollable kinase for kinase activity analysis. As a result, it was found that the photoactivation of the kinase was abolished when amino acid substitution was introduced into the A’α / Aβ gap between A’α and Aβ of the LOV2 core. Interestingly, he had no effect on the structural changes in Jα examined on the peptide map due to the photoreaction of LOV2 or trypsin degradation. Therefore, the A’α / Aβ gap is considered to play an important role in intramolecular signal transduction after Jα. Structural changes detected by SAXS Structural changes of Jα have been detected by various biophysical methods other than NMR, but structural information on samples including up to STK is reported only by his results to his SAXS. Not. The SAXS measurement of the Atphot2 LOV2-STK polypeptide showed that the radius of inertia increased from 32.4 Å to 34.8 Å, and the molecular model (Fig. 4F) obtained by the ab initio modeling software GASBOR is that of LOV2 and STK. It was shown that the N lobes and C lobes lined up in tandem, and the relative position of LOV2 with respect to STK shifted by about 13 Å under light irradiation. The difference in the molecular model between the two is considered to reflect the structural changes that occur in the Jα and A’α / Aβ gaps mentioned above. Two phototropins with different photosensitivity In the phototropic reaction of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis responds to a very wide range of light intensities from 10–4 to 102 μmol photon / sec / m2. At that time, phot1 functions as an optical sensor in a wide range from low light to strong light, while phot2 reacts with light stronger than 1 μmol photon / sec / m2. What is the origin of these differences? As is well known, animal photoreceptors have a high photosensitivity due to the abundance of rhodopsin and the presence of biochemical amplification mechanisms. The exact abundance of phot1 and phot2 in vivo is unknown, but interesting results have been obtained in terms of amplification. The light intensity dependence of the photoactivation of the LOV2-STK polypeptide used in the above kinase analysis was investigated. It was found that phot1 was about 10 times more photosensitive than phot2. On the other hand, when the photochemical reactions of both were examined, it was found that the rate of the dark return reaction of phot1 was about 10 times slower than that of phot2. This result indicates that the longer the lifetime of S390II, which is in the kinase-activated state, the higher the photosensitivity of kinase activation. This correlation was further confirmed by extending the lifespan of her S390II with amino acid substitutions. This alone cannot explain the widespread differences in photosensitivity between phot1 and phot2, but it may explain some of them. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate in detail protein modifications such as phosphorylation and the effects of phot interacting factors on photosensitivity. Other LOV photoreceptors Among fern plants and green algae, phytochrome ɾphotosensory module (PSM) on the N-terminal side and chimera photoreceptor with full-length phototropin on the C-terminal side, neochrome (Fig. There are types with 4Ab). It has been reported that some neochromes play a role in chloroplast photolocalization as a red light receiver. It is considered that fern plants have such a chimera photoreceptor in order to survive in a habitat such as undergrowth in a jungle where only red light reaches. In addition to this, plants have only one LOV domain, and three proteins involved in the degradation of photomorphogenesis-related proteins, FKF1 (Flavin-binding, Kelch repeat, F-box 1, ZTL (ZEITLUPE)), LKP2 ( There are LOV Kelch Protein2) (Fig. 4Ac) and aureochrome (Fig. 4Ad), which has a bZip domain on the N-terminal side of LOV and functions as a gene transcription factor. 4. Cryptochrome and UVR8 Cryptochrome is one of the blue photoreceptors and forms a superfamily with the DNA photoreceptor photolyase. It has FAD (flavin adenine dinucle-otide) as a chromophore and tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a condensing pigment. The ground state of FAD is considered to be the oxidized type, and the radical type (broken line in Fig. 1B) generated by blue light irradiation is considered to be the signaling state. The radical type also absorbs in the green to orange light region, and may widen the wavelength region of the plant morphogenesis reaction spectrum. Cryptochrome uses blue light to control physiological functions similar to phytochrome. It was identified as a photoreceptor from one of the causative genes of UVR8 Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chromophore is absorbed in the UVB region by a Trp triad consisting of three tryptophans (Fig. 1D). It is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that function as UV scavengers in plants. Conclusion It is thought that plants have acquired various photoreceptors necessary for their survival during a long evolutionary process. The photoreceptors that cover the existing far-red light to UVB mentioned here are considered to be some of them. More and more diverse photoreceptor genes are conserved in cyanobacteria and marine plankton. By examining these, it is thought that the understanding of plant photoreceptors will be further deepened.

🍼Greenhouse Feeding BioGrow & Bio Enhancer ⛺️MARSHYDRO The ⛺️ has a small door 🚪 on the sides which is useful for mid section groom room work. 🤩 ☀️ MARSHYDRO FC 3000 LED 300W ☀️Also special thanks to VIPERSPECTRA P2000 (200W) & XS2000(240w) LED growlights 🌱 FastBuds 420

The tent smells so great each morning when I open it, this is my favorite phase of growing. I love watching them develop and thicken up days after day. Below are the days of activity since the last update: Day 50 1 gal distilled water 1/2 tsp Cal-mag 9g Simpro bloom booster formula Pulled 17 leaves adjusted LST Day 54 1 gal distilled water 1/2 tsp Cal-mag 9g Simpro bloom booster formula Day 55 Pulled 16 leaves adjusted LST Day 58 1 gal distilled water 1/2 tsp Cal-mag 9g Simpro bloom booster formula Pulled 2 leaves adjusted LST

Almost 4 pound of plant. I got to taste this strain coco and hydro. Bud looks and smells fantastic. Dunk extremely ⛽⛽⛽🌈🌈🌈

Update July 30 102 °F Plants now need to be watered twice a day with 3/4 gallons. All my garden is burned except these incredibly girls, is a hard challenge. I can't understand not how much these plants survive but how they thrive instead Very hard to stay outside, very hard to take decent pics, very hard to sleep, to breath too. Closed at home I am building a dry trimming dock with a 120 microns sieve which I will then use to beat the dry trim in the Moroccan way. On Monday 27, the first day of the second heat wave, 90 ° F, the plant already begins to show signs of low heat stress and the forecasts are very bad, this could last for 2 weeks. This is a problem for me because I have planned to start stressing the plant with underwater, an impossible mission in this heat. For the same reason I'll stop to defoliate. I was forced to bend the tallest branches again for privacy reasons, this girl is fucking vigorous. From now on I will stop counting the height and the water, the first because the plant is completely folded 3/4 times and has exceeded 75 inches abundantly. The latter because I water them directly with the water hose. I will report only nutes when gived. Grasshoppers are starting their fucking job chewing leaves but I don't care, this resilient girl has tons of leaves so I'll let them to make defoliation in my place, checking only the new sprouts and for mites. Occasional mealybugs are prompted burned by my lighter, the best method!!! Still waiting for stigmas. PK has almost 20 thick branches with fantastic lateral shoots, I bet this resilient bad girl will be a heavy yelder. Herbal/exotic scented Hope you enjoy the garden Happy to see U come back for updates. Cheers & Happy Growing! See ya soon

5.5. - Watered 💧 8.5. - Watered 💧 10.5. - Week wrap-up: Plants are really smelly and buds stopped gaining on height and started to fatten up. I hope everything will go smoothly till the harvest 👌 4.5. - 10.5.2024

Everything is looking great just small buds on the Orion, quick one. nd royal dwarf is just getting started. But they look and smell fantastic. Northern lights is stacking up! Runtz too. Will be harvesting Orion in about a week

Bewässerung: 1000 ml jeden 3 Tag in der zehnte Woche pH-Wert: 6 EC-Wert: 1.2 mS/cm Temperatur: 20ºC Luftfeuchtigkeit: 65% Schädlingsbekämpfung: im Moment haben wir keine Anzeichen von befall wir haben nur mal zur Prävention etwas Sand gegen die Schnecken um die Pflanze gemacht, dies verhindert das diese sich nähern. Wir haben aber auch Raubmilben ins spiel gebracht zur vorsorge gegen Spinnmilben und andere Schädlinge 😷 PPFD: Direktes Sonnenlicht DLI: Direktes Sonnenlicht -Tag 63 bei der Space Cookies #2 werden die Blüten immer dichter 😍

hi all. Here we are finally here with some of the ladies out and hanging to dry. It had been a fun week with trimming and hanging the Girl Scout cookie ladies. They finished so perfectly with a beautiful colour and terpenes oozing off them. Everytime I go up to the room , their sweet smell hits me before I get to see the other ladies. With about 6 days for #2 and 4 for #1 , I expect a few more days before they are even close to jar ready for a cure. Thankfully as they are organic and not needing to deal with leftover sodium based nutes, the terpenes should remain fairly intact with the very low 8°c and plenty of airflow keeping them rotating slowly. Rh is around 50% but not a mould risk thanks to the draughty eaves. The remaining Amnesia Haze ladies are like wound springs now. They are still 2 weeks from their supposed harvest time but look ready now. If I didn't know that there is a second flush about to pop them wide open and swell them even more , it would be easy to pull them before their true ending . Still very smokable at this stage now but i am confident that they will have a second flush of fresh pistils any day now. There are signs of it starting on a couple of the mains so i will be using the Dragon force to support this for about 7 days , which is designed to boost them at their finishing stages. I rate this product and use it every grow. Well worth a look. The natural fading and the temperature drops at lights off are creating some amazing colours throughout the canopy now too. Thankfully experience allows me to enjoy this kaleidoscope of autumnal colours and not panic that I have a major deficiency going down. There are some nicely cannabalising leaves in the canopy too which is also a good sign that they are performing just as nature intended and gorging on the stored goodness from the big fans left on. They are a multi purpose leaf for the whole process from veg to finish , they change their role as the grow progresses and as soon as she notices that they are taking more to keep alive and become a sink instead of a gain , she will cannabalising the stores built up and shed the leaf herself. This is why I get stuck with the whole defoliation debate. With that said , I hope your weeks has been as much fun as mine and that you will be joining me in the upcoming tester strain runs of Fast Buds new 2022 unreleased strains to see what's in the pipeline for the autoflower world. Be lucky folks.

And another week beyond the hesi nutrition is just good. Still works now. But we rinse the potting soil for a few weeksAnd another week beyond the hesi nutrition is just good. Still works now. But we rinse the potting soil for a few weeks. 😁

Mendo Frost is looking very promising now and is definitely living up to her name. Bud stacking has accelerated noticeably, with multiple sites already showing excellent frost production and strong flower development. I performed a moderate defoliation this week to improve light penetration and airflow through the canopy. At this point the structure is set, the plant is healthy, and the focus shifts to letting the buds bulk up over the coming weeks.

One single Momma looking fat under that trellis

Week 10 showing expression in veg

my dry and cure style is this: 4 days of hanging upside down to get water activity lower to around 0.6 in 50% humidity and 26 C temp (i know its a little high but we are in a hot summer right now and i cant get it lower even with air conditioner) and then after 4 days of drying i remove leaves and stalks, trim buds and move them to jar for the rest of their life :D . and in the first 4 days of curing i open the jar door and let hem get some fresh air in the jar for about 5 minutes and close the jar door again, after 4 days of curing like that buds are smokable but they will get better as they getting cured about 1 month. buds are one of the hardest as fucking rocks type of buds! very dense , compact , sticky , smelly , amazing at every aspect growing stage was 60 days and flowering stage was 70 days total (harvested tops at day 63th) the total weight of dry buds was : top buds 174 G + lower buds 55 G = 229 G my overview of strain with details: the seeds: unfortunately i only got 1 seed cracked out of 5 so i will not know how much this genetic can get different but at least i got the chance to grow once of this wonderful strain the plant : in every stage you can ensure that you are dealing with a high level plant , she will get big so you have to control her height LST and SCROG highly recommended , will grow very well with tick stalks and big fan leaves , has good resistance for stress and will respond very well to stress trainings , she really has gorilla power in herself , fresh buds on plant : buds are very compact and dense even from start , fresh blossoms smells like pineapple and mango , 2 different shades of sweet smells like you hold 2 junks of pineapple and mango in your hand and you smell them together, she is a trichome and resin factory , very very sticky , very oily , strong smell dried buds: very compact and dense , hard as rocks , has dark colors with purple hues inside it , it smells sweet smoke : very smooth and sweet like lollipop , pineapple , mango like , after 2 minutes it'll kick in and you'll get higher and higher with every breath , has a strange and especial high mind high mostly

Die beiden Melonade Runtz Pflanzen stehen einmal vorne in der Mitte und einmal hinten in der Mitte. Also quasi hintereinander. Die hintere Melonade Runtz ist Pheno#2 und die vordere Melonade Runtz ist Pheno#1. Die Pflanzen werden jetzt auf die Blüte vorbereitet und mein Blütedünger wurde schon zugegeben. Ich bin sehr gespannt auf die Blütephase und auf die ersten Gerüche von Melonade Runtz. Sie riecht jetzt schon sehr lecker fruchtig.

So were on day 26 of flower there looking good getting a nice smell starting to throw out trichomes Have down loaded a thew videos of before and after removing fan leaves

The plant grew easily enough, with a few bouts of deficiencies, but it hermed out on me and basically wasted 11 weeks on me. Hopefully the fucking thing didnt compromise the other plants i had with it