ANTHOCYANIN production is primarily controlled by the Cryptochrome (CR1) Photoreceptor ( !! UV and Blue Spectrums are primary drivers in the production of the pigment that replaces chlorophyll, isn't that awesome! 1. Diverse photoreceptors in plants Many civilizations, including the sun god of ancient Egypt, thought that the blessings of sunlight were the source of life. In fact, the survival of all life, including humans, is supported by the photosynthesis of plants that capture solar energy. Plants that perform photosynthesis have no means of transportation except for some algae. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor various changes in the external environment and respond appropriately to the place to survive. Among various environmental information, light is especially important information for plants that perform photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, plants acquired phytochrome, which mainly receives light in the red light region, and multiple blue light receptors, including his hytropin and phototropin, in order to sense the light environment. .. In addition to these, an ultraviolet light receptor named UVR8 was recently discovered. The latest image of the molecular structure and function of these various plant photoreceptors (Fig. 1), focusing on phytochrome and phototropin. Figure 1 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8. The dashed line represents each bioactive absorption spectrum. 2. Phytochrome; red-far red photoreversible molecular switch What is phytochrome? Phytochrome is a photochromic photoreceptor, and has two absorption types, a red light absorption type Pr (absorption maximum wavelength of about 665 nm) and a far-red light absorption type Pfr (730 nm). Reversible light conversion between the two by red light and far-red light, respectively(Fig. 1A, solid line and broken line). In general, Pfr is the active form that causes a physiological response. With some exceptions, phytochrome can be said to function as a photoreversible molecular switch. The background of the discovery is as follows. There are some types of plants that require light for germination (light seed germination). From that study, it was found that germination was induced by red light, the effect was inhibited by subsequent far-red light irradiation, and this could be repeated, and the existence of photoreceptors that reversibly photoconvert was predicted. In 1959, its existence was confirmed by the absorption spectrum measurement of the yellow sprout tissue, and it was named phytochrome. Why does the plant have a sensor to distinguish between such red light and far-red light? There is no big difference between the red and far-red light regions in the open-field spectrum of sunlight, but the proportion of red light is greatly reduced due to the absorption of chloroplasts in the shade of plants. Similar changes in light quality occur in the evening sunlight. Plants perceive this difference in light quality as the ratio of Pr and Pfr, recognize the light environment, and respond to it. Subsequent studies have revealed that it is responsible for various photomorphogenic reactions such as photoperiodic flowering induction, shade repellent, and deyellowing (greening). Furthermore, with the introduction of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and the development of molecular biological analysis methods, research has progressed dramatically, and his five types of phytochromes (phyA-E) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. all right. With the progress of the genome project, Fi’s tochrome-like photoreceptors were found in cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic prokaryotes other than plants. Furthermore, in non-photosynthetic bacteria, a homologue molecule called bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and radiation-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans, Dr). Domain structure of phytochrome molecule Phytochrome molecule can be roughly divided into N-terminal side and C-terminal side region. PAS (Per / Arndt / Sim: blue), GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase / adenylyl cyclase / FhlA: green), PHY (phyto-chrome: purple) 3 in the N-terminal region of plant phytochrome (Fig. 2A) There are two domains and an N-terminal extension region (NTE: dark blue), and phytochromobilin (PΦB), which is one of the ring-opening tetrapyrroles, is thioether-bonded to the system stored in GAF as a chromophore. ing. PAS is a domain involved in the interaction between signal transduction-related proteins, and PHY is a phytochrome-specific domain. There are two PASs and her histidine kinase-related (HKR) domain (red) in the C-terminal region, but the histidine essential for kinase activity is not conserved. 3. Phototropin; photosynthetic efficiency optimized blue light receptor What is phototropin? Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution, wrote in his book “The power of move-ment in plants” published in 1882 that plants bend toward blue light. Approximately 100 years later, the protein nph1 (nonphoto-tropic hypocotyl 1) encoded by one of the causative genes of Arabidopsis mutants causing phototropic abnormalities was identified as a blue photoreceptor. Later, another isotype npl1 was found and renamed phototropin 1 (phot1) and 2 (phot2), respectively. In addition to phototropism, phototropin is damaged by chloroplast photolocalization (chloroplasts move through the epidermal cells of the leaves and gather on the cell surface under appropriate light intensity for photosynthesis. As a photoreceptor for reactions such as escaping to the side of cells under dangerous strong light) and stomata (reactions that open stomata to optimize the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is the rate-determining process of photosynthetic reactions). It became clear that it worked. In this way, phototropin can be said to be a blue light receptor responsible for optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Domain structure and LOV photoreaction of phototropin molecule Phototropin molecule has two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) called LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage sensing) on the N-terminal side, and serine / on the C-terminal side. It is a protein kinase that forms threonine kinase (STK) (Fig. 4Aa) and whose activity is regulated by light. LOV is one molecule as a chromophore, he binds FMN (flavin mononucleotide) non-covalently. The LOV forms an α/βfold, and the FMN is located on a β-sheet consisting of five antiparallel β-strands (Fig. 4B). The FMN in the ground state LOV shows the absorption spectrum of a typical oxidized flavin protein with a triplet oscillation structure and an absorption maximum wavelength of 450 nm, and is called D450 (Fig. 1C and Fig. 4E). After being excited to the singlet excited state by blue light, the FMN shifts to the triplet excited state (L660t *) due to intersystem crossing, and then the C4 (Fig. 4C) of the isoaroxazine ring of the FMN is conserved in the vicinity. It forms a transient accretionary prism with the tain (red part in Fig. 4B Eα) (S390I). When this cysteine is replaced with alanine (C / A substitution), the addition reaction does not occur. The effect of adduct formation propagates to the protein moiety, causing kinase activation (S390II). After that, the formed cysteine-flavin adduct spontaneously dissociates and returns to the original D450 (Fig. 4E, dark regression reaction). Phototropin kinase activity control mechanism by LOV2 Why does phototropin have two LOVs? Atphot1 was found as a protein that is rapidly autophosphorylated when irradiated with blue light. The effect of the above C / A substitution on this self-phosphorylation reaction and phototropism was investigated, and LOV2 is the main photomolecular switch in both self-phosphorylation and phototropism. It turns out that it functions as. After that, from experiments using artificial substrates, STK has a constitutive activity, LOV2 functions as an inhibitory domain of this activity, and the inhibition is eliminated by photoreaction, while LOV1 is kinase light. It was shown to modify the photosensitivity of the activation reaction. In addition to this, LOV1 was found to act as a dimerization site from the crystal structure and his SAXS. What kind of molecular mechanism does LOV2 use to photoregulate kinase activity? The following two modules play important roles in this intramolecular signal transduction. Figure 4 (A) Domain structure of LOV photoreceptors. a: Phototropin b: Neochrome c: FKF1 family protein d: Aureochrome (B) Crystal structure of auto barley phot1 LOV2. (C) Structure of FMN isoaroxazine ring. (D) Schematic diagram of the functional domain and module of Arabidopsis thaliana phot1. L, A’α, and Jα represent linker, A’α helix, and Jα helix, respectively. (E) LOV photoreaction. (F) Molecular structure model (mesh) of the LOV2-STK sample (black line) containing A’α of phot2 obtained based on SAXS under dark (top) and under bright (bottom). The yellow, red, and green space-filled models represent the crystal structures of LOV2-Jα, protein kinase A N-lobe, and C-robe, respectively, and black represents FMN. See the text for details. 1) Jα. LOV2 C of oat phot1-to α immediately after the terminus Rix (Jα) is present (Fig. 4D), which interacts with the β-sheet (Fig. 4B) that forms the FMN-bound scaffold of LOV2 in the dark, but unfolds and dissociates from the β-sheet with photoreaction. It was shown by NMR that it does. According to the crystal structure of LOV2-Jα, this Jα is located on the back surface of the β sheet and mainly has a hydrophobic interaction. The formation of S390II causes twisting of the isoaroxazine ring and protonation of N5 (Fig. 4C). As a result, the glutamine side chain present on his Iβ strand (Fig. 4B) in the β-sheet rotates to form a hydrogen bond with this protonated N5. Jα interacts with this his Iβ strand, and these changes are thought to cause the unfold-ing of Jα and dissociation from the β-sheet described above. Experiments such as amino acid substitution of Iβ strands revealed that kinases exhibit constitutive activity when this interaction is eliminated, and that Jα plays an important role in photoactivation of kinases. 2) A’α / Aβ gap. Recently, several results have been reported showing the involvement of amino acids near the A’α helix (Fig. 4D) located upstream of the N-terminal of LOV2 in kinase photoactivation. Therefore, he investigated the role of this A’α and its neighboring amino acids in kinase photoactivation, photoreaction, and Jα structural change for Atphot1. The LOV2-STK polypeptide (Fig. 4D, underlined in black) was used as a photocontrollable kinase for kinase activity analysis. As a result, it was found that the photoactivation of the kinase was abolished when amino acid substitution was introduced into the A’α / Aβ gap between A’α and Aβ of the LOV2 core. Interestingly, he had no effect on the structural changes in Jα examined on the peptide map due to the photoreaction of LOV2 or trypsin degradation. Therefore, the A’α / Aβ gap is considered to play an important role in intramolecular signal transduction after Jα. Structural changes detected by SAXS Structural changes of Jα have been detected by various biophysical methods other than NMR, but structural information on samples including up to STK is reported only by his results to his SAXS. Not. The SAXS measurement of the Atphot2 LOV2-STK polypeptide showed that the radius of inertia increased from 32.4 Å to 34.8 Å, and the molecular model (Fig. 4F) obtained by the ab initio modeling software GASBOR is that of LOV2 and STK. It was shown that the N lobes and C lobes lined up in tandem, and the relative position of LOV2 with respect to STK shifted by about 13 Å under light irradiation. The difference in the molecular model between the two is considered to reflect the structural changes that occur in the Jα and A’α / Aβ gaps mentioned above. Two phototropins with different photosensitivity In the phototropic reaction of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis responds to a very wide range of light intensities from 10–4 to 102 μmol photon / sec / m2. At that time, phot1 functions as an optical sensor in a wide range from low light to strong light, while phot2 reacts with light stronger than 1 μmol photon / sec / m2. What is the origin of these differences? As is well known, animal photoreceptors have a high photosensitivity due to the abundance of rhodopsin and the presence of biochemical amplification mechanisms. The exact abundance of phot1 and phot2 in vivo is unknown, but interesting results have been obtained in terms of amplification. The light intensity dependence of the photoactivation of the LOV2-STK polypeptide used in the above kinase analysis was investigated. It was found that phot1 was about 10 times more photosensitive than phot2. On the other hand, when the photochemical reactions of both were examined, it was found that the rate of the dark return reaction of phot1 was about 10 times slower than that of phot2. This result indicates that the longer the lifetime of S390II, which is in the kinase-activated state, the higher the photosensitivity of kinase activation. This correlation was further confirmed by extending the lifespan of her S390II with amino acid substitutions. This alone cannot explain the widespread differences in photosensitivity between phot1 and phot2, but it may explain some of them. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate in detail protein modifications such as phosphorylation and the effects of phot interacting factors on photosensitivity. Other LOV photoreceptors Among fern plants and green algae, phytochrome ɾphotosensory module (PSM) on the N-terminal side and chimera photoreceptor with full-length phototropin on the C-terminal side, neochrome (Fig. There are types with 4Ab). It has been reported that some neochromes play a role in chloroplast photolocalization as a red light receiver. It is considered that fern plants have such a chimera photoreceptor in order to survive in a habitat such as undergrowth in a jungle where only red light reaches. In addition to this, plants have only one LOV domain, and three proteins involved in the degradation of photomorphogenesis-related proteins, FKF1 (Flavin-binding, Kelch repeat, F-box 1, ZTL (ZEITLUPE)), LKP2 ( There are LOV Kelch Protein2) (Fig. 4Ac) and aureochrome (Fig. 4Ad), which has a bZip domain on the N-terminal side of LOV and functions as a gene transcription factor. 4. Cryptochrome and UVR8 Cryptochrome is one of the blue photoreceptors and forms a superfamily with the DNA photoreceptor photolyase. It has FAD (flavin adenine dinucle-otide) as a chromophore and tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a condensing pigment. The ground state of FAD is considered to be the oxidized type, and the radical type (broken line in Fig. 1B) generated by blue light irradiation is considered to be the signaling state. The radical type also absorbs in the green to orange light region, and may widen the wavelength region of the plant morphogenesis reaction spectrum. Cryptochrome uses blue light to control physiological functions similar to phytochrome. It was identified as a photoreceptor from one of the causative genes of UVR8 Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chromophore is absorbed in the UVB region by a Trp triad consisting of three tryptophans (Fig. 1D). It is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that function as UV scavengers in plants. Conclusion It is thought that plants have acquired various photoreceptors necessary for their survival during a long evolutionary process. The photoreceptors that cover the existing far-red light to UVB mentioned here are considered to be some of them. More and more diverse photoreceptor genes are conserved in cyanobacteria and marine plankton. By examining these, it is thought that the understanding of plant photoreceptors will be further deepened.

Was such a pleasant harvest from start to finish, no issues at all. A tip for next time would be to have the SCRoG lower as I couldn’t really tuck any node sights this time round, smells absofuckinglutely amazing from 3RD week bloom onwards!

I'm spending a few days earlier than expected in bloom! The plants look ready to me. I set my LED's to 50% which is about 800-850 PPFD I was still bothered by the pythium and I think it will bother me on the rest of the crop, but we keep it in cage with preventive treatments, evolution to follow closely... I stay at an EC of 1.9 Osmosis water : EC 0 Root rot X 1ml/L : EC 0.2 Sensi Bloom A and B 3ml/L : EC 1.7 TOTAL EC 1.9 The temperature of the water is ideal, 20°, thanks to the more clement outside temperatures. I'm not going to hide, I can't wait to restart the run to start a session without pythium 😅, I'm going to finish quietly and I'm thinking about the next strain I'm going to put for the next run, I won't do any more multistrain with this too complicated system. I will possibly add air stones inside each pot to have more oxygenation. For the strain I hesitate between : Sour diesel Riri Cut Pianono Rico Cut A preference that you want to see in the next culture journal?

SUNDAY 5/5: Rearranged the gardens..have 17 plants in the 4 x 5 now...yowsa! MONDAY: Plucked some dead leaves and did a trichrome check on couple of them...about 30% cloudy at most.. TUESDAY: I observed some white spots(maybe powdery mildew) on a few leaves here and there throughout the garden, so I sprayed them today with Trifecta Crop Cure, a concoction of a bunch of natural plant oils. I already decreased the humidity in the room to 45% with my new 70L dehumidifier, so I think they'll be fine. I'll spray them again tomorrow and the next day, then I'll have to hope that did the trick, because they'll be entering the harvest window over the next few days.

De nuevo, actualizamos la séptima semana de floración y es que estas skunk están preciosas, es una Indica muy conocida y típica entre nosotros los cultivadores, muy sencilla de cultivar. El ph, la humedad y la temperatura son correctos, zambezaseeds está haciendo muy buen trabajo con sus variedades gente, os lo aseguro que ya son varios los cultivos con ellos. Hasta la semana que viene.

Week 5 folks 💪 Time for Defolation and I put a net inside the tent and also a 600watt hdl lamp. They only got some plain water! I think they look great this time! I got a present from a friend 2 Power Plant clones, they have no vegetation time but I thing they doing well with the 12/12 light schedule! Till next week community

Day 79: Second Grow We've decided against using additional nutrients and have completely stopped fertilizing. The light cycle has been reduced to 11 hours, and we're already starting to give them cooler water. Starting Monday, I will be watering with ice water to stress the plants further, aiming for higher yield, more terpenes, and increased frost. The adjustment to the light cycle should also help the plants ripen evenly. The lights are hanging about 20 cm above the buds, which are getting thicker every day, soaking up the light intensely. In about a week, most of the plants should be ready for harvest. We plan to stop watering them for about 100 hours before harvest. During this period, I'll place ice cubes on the soil to shock the roots one last time. 48 hours before harvest, I will turn off the lights, giving the plants two days of darkness. After this period, the plants will be cut and hung to dry.

Ladies, gentlemen, and all the wonderful beings following this journey, I am thrilled to announce that we have reached the highly anticipated harvest week for our beautiful PCRs. This has been an incredible journey, and now it's time to reap the rewards of our hard work and dedication. The PCRs are nothing short of perfection. Their frost-covered buds are a sight to behold, glistening like they've been kissed by winter's breath. The trichomes are abundant and sparkling, making these ladies look absolutely stunning. The aroma is intoxicating, a true testament to their strong genetics and the care they've received. Upon taking them out of the tent, I was amazed by their strength and resilience. Despite my best efforts to make them dance, these ladies stood tall and proud, requiring no support at all. This just goes to show the exceptional quality and sturdiness of the PCR strain. Aptus Holland's Enzym+. This product is a game-changer, breaking down dead root material and turning it into usable nutrients, ensuring our soil remains rich and fertile for future grows. Speaking of which, I do plan to reuse the soil, thanks to the amazing benefits of Enzym+. This enzyme product not only helps with nutrient uptake but also keeps the soil ecosystem healthy and thriving. Here's the final stats for this week: TDS: 130 PH: 6.8 Temp: 21°C A huge shout-out to Aptus Holland for their incredible products that have consistently supported my plants' growth and health. Also, a massive thank you to Art Genetix for creating the phenomenal PCR strain that has brought so much joy to this grow. To all my fellow growers, followers, and the entire community, your support and encouragement mean the world to me. This journey wouldn't be the same without you. As we move forward, let's continue to spread love, positivity, and the joy of cultivating these amazing plants. Stay tuned for the final results and more updates as we dry and cure these beautiful buds. Until then, keep growing, stay positive, and never stop believing in the magic of cultivation. Peace, love, and happy growing! Genetics - P.C.R. @Art_Genetix_Team https://artgenetix.world/ Nutricion @aptusholland https://aptus-holland.com/ LED Power @Lumatek and @viparspectra As always thank you all for stopping by , for the love and for it all, i fell blessed to have you all with me for one more love journey Thank you Thank you Thank you , you guys are great and have been amazing , thank you for everything ! #aptus #aptusplanttech #aptusgang #aptusfamily #aptustrueplantscience #inbalancewithnature #trueplantscience #dogdoctorofficial #growerslove
 With true love comes happiness , Always believe in your self and always do things expecting nothing and with an open heart , be a giver and the universe will give back to you in ways you could not even imagine so ! Friendly reminder all you see here is pure research and for educational purposes only Growers Love To you All Discount Codes : @thecannakan DOGDOCTOR 15% off @theneutralizer PORKIT5-DOG 15% off @kannabiaglobal DOGDOCTOR 30% off @seedsmangenetics DOGDOCTOR 10%off @terpyz.mutant.genetics DOCTOR 15% off Have a fantastic week!

Esta semana solo agua, al fin cerraron los calices asiq ahora si, ultimo riego. Les alejé la luz hace unos dias tal vez eso ayudó, o capaz solo le faltaba tiempo. Hermosos colores, que maravillosa genetica

Days 120 - 126 (from sprout) 9/20/24 - 9/26/24 The Good Shit - week 13 of flower and trichome heads are looking far more swollen For IPM I sprayed existing mulch layer with tweetmint, followed up with topping all pots off with build a soil 3.0 and forest collected IMO's - fungus gnats almost completely eliminated overnight Pots were cover cropped with build a soil seed blend + grape tomatoes, oregano + thyme, snap peas and napoli carrots Fingers crossed harvest is on the agenda for this lady next week

Primeros dias desde el cambio 12/12 doy inicio a la floracion 🙌🔥

Finally done with this sweet cake, many many sticky strawberries. I love it

very good strain to grow , very resiant, loves being trained , beautiful smell much better than I expected everyone should defo try it

Day91: 72h of darkness and they all be chopped. Harvested and jarred the experiment grow (the plant was rescued then topped) 21g total. Not bad all things considered. I think I can get 100g with the whole grow Chop day: 31/8 day 96. Plants are drying in the tent at 25ºC and 61%RH

Sa a bien stretch partout, tout est sain , rien a signaler, sa commence a fleurir On y va molo sur l'engrais, belle plante , on voit que les boutures se plaisent en hydro , et les mamans se portent bien en terre 100% organic , sa annonce du beau tout sa , un phénotype sur 4 sort du lot par son stretch 2 fois plus prononcé que les autres,mais dans l'ensemble tout ce porte a merveille j'ai hâte de voir les buds #madamegrow #trolmaster

August 12 - Day 64 - Watered with 3L of water, BioGrow, BioBloom, and TopMax.

Well moving as planned kept her in only 6hr of direct sun rest of day in shade tgen night.. And sge flowered.. In middle of summer full sun cycle and im still able to prove WITHOUT DIRECT sun/light cannabis will flower ( photoperiods ) ..i cant afford her to get too tall... She grows very fast topped twice now sge has branches on top of brancges.. Only thing to do now is take some of her leafs but not now.. Love this genetics.. Very stable grows with no issues none...perfect thru her stages . now the stacking of flowers..

🎩🌈🍬 Pheno 4 Purps comin slowly Terps super exotic

#1 foliage is mark from the spider mite issue also saw some caterpillar having a feast her buds are still putting weight tho....breed another branch with a different tree also....at least if not able to save buds after treatment should be able to get two different breeds out of her... #2 she is getting fatter by the weeks...might do some trimming up or might jus leave her as she is