Plants came back out of their 36 hours of darkness and were a little droopy, so I made the decision to put them outside for the first day of light. Unfortunately they suffered from wind burn so I brought them back to the tent. Foliar fed the plants daily at 400PPM.

Happy this seed was successful to germinate! This is an organic run with Green Gro in Ocean Forest. Trying some new air pots at my local grow shop, $7 vs $30. Nothing exciting yet. Looking forward to sharing the progress.

22.09.2025 DAY 27/DAY 8VEG RH DAY 60-63% RH NIGHT 60-63% Room temperature day 26-27C Room temperature night 23-25C EC 490 pH 5.9 Water temperature 18.5-19.5 PPFD 420 Light cicle 20/4 VPD 1.2-1.3 I'm increasing the EC to 0.48 by the Athena feeding program. A little bit of defoliation in order for the side branches to reach better light. I usually don't go in to a heavy deforestation I just occasionally remove some of the big fan leaves in order to have better light penetration. So far the roots are going great not even a slight sign of bacteria or problems in the root zone. We have nice white roots and so far is all going great. Ill probably move them in a separate buckets in week 4. I'm not sure that I'll even have 4 weeks of vegetation becose some of them are starting to show the gender signs, so probably it will be like 3 weeks veg at maximum. DAY 28/DAY 9VEG RH DAY 60-63% RH NIGHT 60-63% Room temperature day 26-27C Room temperature night 23-25C EC 520 pH 5.8 Water temperature 18.5-19.5 PPFD 420 Light cicle 20/4 VPD 1.2-1.3 I sense a little bit of deficiency maybe is Mn or Fe not sure but I added a little bit of CaMg and a bit more Grow A+B in order to fight it. I have heard that Athena usually are thirsty for CaMg so basically you have to add more. Plus I lower the pH to 5.8 and now the game is ON. I'll see in a couple of days but if I'm not satisfied probably I'll raise the EC to 600 with a little bit of higher CaMg for base. DAY 29/ DAY 10VEG RH DAY 60-63% RH NIGHT 60-63% Room temperature day 26-27C Room temperature night 23-25C EC 485 pH 6.1 Water temperature 18.5-19.5 PPFD 420 Light cicle 20/4 VPD 1.2-1.3 I realized they this problem with the leaf burn is from the Foliar feeding. NEVER PH YPUT FOLIAR FEEDING AND NEVER LEFT THE FAN WORKING🤣🤣🤣 Anyway it's all good now besides the few burned leafs. This strain is branching a lot, so basically I don't plan to use LST. I don't even think that is possible to use LST effectively becose my plants are hard and woody and only possible way for me to deal with them is through scrogging. DAY 30/ DAY 11VEG RH DAY 60-63% RH NIGHT 60-63% Room temperature day 26-27C Room temperature night 23-25C EC 450 pH 6.1 Water temperature 18.5-19.5 PPFD 550 Light cicle 20/4 VPD 1.3-1.4 So far I decided to use the full spectrum. The idea of the first few weeks under cold White was to preserve them a little bit and keep them short but since today we have full spectrum plus far red. Lets see what is going to happen tomorrow. I'm a little bit afraid of the temperature swing becose this will Spike higher temperature, but whatever I'll deap with it. DAY 31/DAY 12 VEG RH DAY 60-63% RH NIGHT 60-63% Room temperature day 26-27C Room temperature night 23-25C EC 380 pH 5.8 Water temperature 18.5-19.5 PPFD 550 Light cicle 20/4 VPD 1.3-1.4 Brutal development only for one night. I know it's hard to be seen on a picture but on live it looks amazing. The little ladies have during pretty much 2 liters of water and so far the AC is going down straight forward so they eat a lot. I had to put a little bit more of fertilizer just to keep them well fed. The Voyager is crushing it and it's only 40% on Chanel 1 and Chanel 2. In fact im not going to experiment with cold light anymore full spectrum is the deal. So far I'm not touching the EC I'm waiting for the week to pass and to jump on even higher. DAY 32/DAY 13 VEG RH DAY 60-63% RH NIGHT 60-63% Room temperature day 24-25C Room temperature night 21-24C EC 500 pH 5.8 Water temperature 18.5-19.5 PPFD 550 Light cicle 24/0 VPD 1.0-1.2 I couldn't wait more time for the new week to come and to increase the AC. My current AC for today was 300 and I have started to see manganese deficiency so I had to add nutrients. Tomorrow is the last day of the week after that I'll rise the EC to 670. Somehow and in my opinion Athena needs a little bit more EC Dan the recommend dose in the manual. So far that's the first fertilizer I see that needs more dan the recommendation on the label 🤣🤣🤣 Interesting fact is that now I can clearly see the reproductive organs of the plant. It's female but it's still in week two VEG. I'm curious em I going to see more dan 3 weeks VEG before we go in to Flowering ☠️😜 DAY 33/DAY 14VEG RH DAY 65-67% RH NIGHT 65-67% Room temperature day 24-25C Room temperature night 21-24C EC 350 pH 6.1 Water temperature 18.5-19.5 PPFD 350 Light cicle 24/0 VPD 1.0-1.1 Finally I solve the problem with the leaves. It turned out that my clip fan was blowing the humidifier mist toward my flowers. I notisec that only two of the plants have this types of burbs and those are the once right next to the fan. I have changed the fan position and the dehumidifier positions and now I hope all will be fine. I have defoliated a little bit of big fan leaves and I hope in the end of the next week I'll have time to move the RDWC buckets becose I'm a little bit busy does days. I have lower the PPFD becose it seems that this is a bit to much for the flowers.

Idhdb

9th W/Flower Harvest: No 9th Feed of #HumboldtCountysOwn this last few Weeks! I Flushed them out once a day with 1 Gallon of Cold Declorinated Tap Water for the last 7 days, letting thier pots dry out for 4/5 days and Checking the Triks every couple of days as well! Thier Packed, Stacked Up and Lights Upgraded!!! Cloned with my Steady's Saliva!!! We'll definitely Grow back to everything here soon! #Pre-Sexed 4/9/21 #Opium/#PabloEscobar *Fems* breed by Team #DivineSeeds #DivineSeedsSquad #DivineSeedsBreedingCompany I'm Very Excited and Extremely Gracious!!! These Cannabis plants are Camping out in the Closet for a week or so! Lol My #PabloEscobar and #Opium *Fems* from #DivineSeeds Regs: SalamiLegF3's×2 and FireAlienRomulan look$ Outstandingly Awesome and Finished Up Phenomenally Fine into thier 9th week of Flower! Thanks Again for All the Love and Support my fellow Growmies and Growmets!!! These Magnificent and Magical Ladies were Growing in our 48×24×60 ViparSpectra Official Club 🌿 ®️ Grow Tent and under our #Osree QB1000w and #GrowStarStore Kokokala QB1000w but Finished out in Flower under our #BloomPlus BP1500w! #TNBNaturals The Enhancer Co2 Despersal canister and ph'd them w/ Declorinated watering w/ TNB ph Up and Down! Totally Top Quality Topz all Around! Thanks Again #GallowGlas420 #HarleyGrower #thehumancannabiniod #AlienBloodGenetix #TNBNATURALS #www.as420.ca #divineseeds #divineseedssquad #divineseedsbreedingcompany #HumboldtCountysOwn Family's and Teams!!! Your Genetics are Merry Magnificent, Mega Marvelous and Mighty Medical! Love um!!! I really Can't stress enough how Thankful and Grateful I am of All of you and what you've Shared with Us! Means the World!!! It's definitely a Pleasure being able to Grow with these Phenomenal Grow Lights! Please Enjoy! BudBrothers4-Life! Cheers Famz!!! Much Props and Much Topz!💯🔥#BloomPlus #Osree #GrowStarStore #Growatt #TNBNaturals #TNBTeam #HumboldtCountysOwn #GrowYourOwn #Bliss Bloom Plus BP-4000 CA:https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B08DTDP5FF/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_awdb_imm_86Q7H2D5BGFYB9B6PR9K US:https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08DTN3B84/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_awdb_imm_4B7XWCAS09M4V3W0AFJH Bloom Plus BP-2500 CA:https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B08DTCYV9Y/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_awdb_imm_YDNA8G16PH3TB002VKGE US:https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08DS53THM/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_awdb_imm_SX3AEDKRVAYQECF32BE4 Bloom Plus BP-1500 CA:https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B082XYLHRJ/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_awdb_imm_XEBFV7790EHT53B2J9B5 US:https://www.amazon.com/dp/B082XYLHRJ/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_awdb_imm_MB3PYZEVSQRZY096AB79 BloomPlus Instagram Link: https://instagram.com/bloom.plus?utm_medium=copy_link Thanks Again Broski #SmokinPlantaz for Hosting your Bright and Tight Amazon Prime Day #BloomPlus-1500w Giveaway! I'm still Blinded by the Light!!! Lol (Song Pun) it's Ultimately Lit, Extremely Powerful and Brilliantly Bright! I also Love and Appreciate Everyone out here! Please! Go Over and Spread That Love to my Bro's YouTube Channel and Team #BloomPlus on their Instagram! I'll have thier Links posted ⬆️⬇️! BudBrothers4-L!!! Cheers Famz!!! Much Props and Much Pars!💯 SmokinPlantaz YouTube Channel Link: https://youtube.com/channel/UCDKJthWoS6-miAhq_lLb_-w HumboldtCounty'sOwn: Email: [email protected] Phone: (707) 725-4119 Toll free: (866) 872-9434 Humboldt Bottling Po Box 429 · Fortuna, CA 95540 HumboldtCounty'sOwn Website Link: https://humboldtcountysown.com/ HumboldtCounty'sOwn Instagram Link: https://instagram.com/humboldtcountysown?igshid=1qj809qkkwych Vivosun Precision Pruner/Trimmer: https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/B06Y1XVD1P?psc=1&ref=ppx_pop_mob_b_asin_image# https://youtube.com/c/VIVOSUN https://www.facebook.com/vivosun.official/ https://instagram.com/vivosun.official?utm_medium=copy_link https://instagram.com/bloom.plus?utm_medium=copy_link https://instagram.com/osree.light?igshid=1vrsbdyhzg2h8 https://instagram.com/growstarstore?igshid=2yjn0r00r6ru https://instagram.com/divine.seeds?igshid=1r90iwe9xiwz8 https://instagram.com/thehumancannabinoid?igshid=17k159pumklkq https://www.instagram.com/alienblood_genetix_official/ https://instagram.com/as420.ca?igshid=1f116alw054wp The Grow Bags: https://www.as420

Love this plant! Will definitely grow

3.23.25 Fastbuds LSD-25 auto #1 Germination 1st week Only watering with spring water. Going to be using foop nutrients with Humboldts secret cal/ mag and nectar for the gods ph up and down! Here we go!

Die Samen wurden für 48 Std in Wasser gelegt, als sich die ersten wurzel zeigten wurden die automtiks in den endtopt (11liter) und die Feminisierten erstmal in einen kleinen Topf, wird später umgetopft

Week 9 she is 6 feet tall and drinking a lot of water a day. Up to 2 gallons. I put her in the ground some to make some more room. Next year I will setup a huge aeroponics system and run 8 in the tent ⛺️ maybe build another tent and put another system 🤙🏻 Monster quality grows follow the YouTube.com/MisterAeroponics still running 3 part and beastie blooms with silver bullet rerp enhancer sulfur powder

de los errores se aprende <3

Watermelon 🍉 is maturing very well. Nice and dense, frosty buds! She's finished growing now, so concentrating next on just flower nutes. The plant is very small due to my terrible attempt at LST! 😅 27.2.25: Watermelon 🍉 and Purple Lemonade 💜🍋 are both far below the scrog net, they've definitely stopped stretching now. My LST on these was much worse than even just using the net. 😅 That was certainly a valuable takeaway. I'm sure Purple Lemonade 💜🍋 will be good. Watermelon 🍉 was so stunted. It's not a tall strain, usually either, but nevertheless, the buds there are looking very frosty and are very, very sticky! 😅 Should be a good smoke, eventually, 🤗 just won't be much to bag unfortunately.

growing pretty well. think I started to get a nutrient lock so watered with straight water last 2x and prob 1 more. gonna switch to flower on new years and start flower nutrients. the one in the back smells amazing , considerably better than any of the others so far. both of these plants have purple stems so expectations are some purple later on as its in the name. I actually switched these into flower on day 1 of this week and put in a different tent. will bring back when I switch the other plants to flower.

🍬

This week I have seen a lot of explosive growth in terms of height and shape! I was reluctant to beg from 6 weeks as I thought there wasn’t enough growth but they started to absolutely guzzle feed and respond well to everything I had done. Really happy with how they’re growing for now apart from the few issues I have had to say this is the first photoperiod strain I have grown and trained in really impressed. Humidity issues are still present but I’ve managed to maintain about 40% which is acceptable with temperatures bang on! I can see bud sites appearing everywhere and the defoliation technique really seemed to have worked. I will defoliate again before I flip to flower... Excited to keep growing!!

I came back after vacation, the girl is ready for cutting, the rainy weather has started, so there is a threat of rot, you can say I managed to find just a few small pits in time and removed them and threw them away, the big and stiff flowers look fantastic:) but after a long trip I was tired, so I didn't take quality photos :( no everything else, I am very satisfied with the result I got:) its smell already lets me know that it will be good:) a lot of sugar leaves from which I will make bubble hash:) I will update the weight when it dries.

Did some high stress training on the painkiller and honey cream maybe it was a bit late for that but I wanted to really make sure that they have a the space they need. Autumn is here and it did start with a lot of rain, I'm a little worried about mold if it's raining non stop. The temperatures dropped down to 10c° in the night and humidity is high, so fingers crossed that no mold will appear. The honey cream finally started to flower properly but she's still around 3 weeks behind the other two strains. The painkiller is getting closer to the finish line, she still has around 2/3weeks to go though. All plants received a lot of thining out removed some branches and leaves, lolipopping style hope this help increase the airflow and prevent mold. Pictures made while it raining.

Do you see that SWAMPMONSTER in the corner of the tent there ?? The Queen towers above the canopy and the rest of the plants lol. It's really interesting from using the Smart Proteins, i think how they work is that the plant is able to process them and compensate any kind of slight deficiency which means that each plant that gets the proteins is able to grow to it's maximum potential and at the same time grow to its **individual** potential... that's why each of these plants has so much "character", because if you look closely it's less a question of phenotype but more like "individual expression".... INTERESTING !!! Anyway that's about the visual... my main concern about these is how loud they f-ing smell !!! ITS PROBLEMATIC, so be conscious of that if you plant to grow these one day ! REALLY REALLY LOUD, honestly there should be an additional category on GD like "problematic" which is beyond the "strong smell" category. I have two large carbon filters on two 1330m3/h fans and it's a problem. Hope you understand how unusual that is for a plant in veg lol... I think the smart protein probably affects how strong the plants smell because all the plants seem more smelly than expected... TBH i'll fix the smell issue but hopefully it's a good sign and an indicator of the quality i can expect by harvest time? These also got two rounds of defoliation , and i flipped them to flower like 4 days ago. This was an exciting veg to me, but now is when it gets interesting, let's see how beautiful these flowers are !! Test genetics always have that little bit of mystery to them right? By the way, I'm often visiting this site, so drop me a message about whatever, especially if you have advice ! Thanks for following along with me, i appreciate it really ! ITS FLOWER TIME FOLKS LETS SEE! 🚀

No trimming required on this strain everything came out fire no larf all rocks. Cheers and happy holidays to all growmies 👊

Free Young Thung

Yellow butterfly came to see me the other day; that was nice. Starting to show signs of stress on the odd leaf, localized isolated blips, blemishes, who said growing up was going to be easy! Smaller leaves have less surface area for stomata to occupy, so the stomata are packed more densely to maintain adequate gas exchange. Smaller leaves might have higher stomatal density to compensate for their smaller size, potentially maximizing carbon uptake and minimizing water loss. Environmental conditions like light intensity and water availability can influence stomatal density, and these factors can affect leaf size as well. Leaf development involves cell division and expansion, and stomatal differentiation is sensitive to these processes. In essence, the smaller leaf size can lead to a higher stomatal density due to the constraints of available space and the need to optimize gas exchange for photosynthesis and transpiration. In the long term, UV-B radiation can lead to more complex changes in stomatal morphology, including effects on both stomatal density and size, potentially impacting carbon sequestration and water use. In essence, UV-B can be a double-edged sword for stomata: It can induce stomatal closure and potentially reduce stomatal size, but it may also trigger an increase in stomatal density as a compensatory mechanism. It is generally more efficient for gas exchange to have smaller leaves with a higher stomatal density, rather than large leaves with lower stomatal density. This is because smaller stomata can facilitate faster gas exchange due to shorter diffusion pathways, even though they may have the same total pore area as fewer, larger stomata. Leaf size tends to decrease in colder climates to reduce heat loss, while larger leaves are more common in warmer, humid environments. Plants in arid regions often develop smaller leaves with a thicker cuticle and/or hairs to minimize water loss through transpiration. Conversely, plants in wet environments may have larger leaves and drip tips to facilitate water runoff. Leaf size and shape can vary based on light availability. For example, leaves in shaded areas may be larger and thinner to maximize light absorption. Leaf mass per area (LMA) can be higher in stressful environments with limited nutrients, indicating a greater investment in structural components for protection and critical resource conservation. Wind speed, humidity, and soil conditions can also influence leaf morphology, leading to variations in leaf shape, size, and surface characteristics. Small leaves: Reduce water loss in arid or cold climates. Environmental conditions significantly affect gene expression in plants. Plants are sessile organisms, meaning they cannot move to escape unfavorable conditions, so they rely on gene expression to adapt to their surroundings. Environmental factors like light, temperature, water, and nutrient availability can trigger changes in gene expression, allowing plants to respond to and survive in diverse environments. Depending on the environment a young seedling encounters, the developmental program following seed germination could be skotomorphogenesis in the dark or photomorphogenesis in the light. Light signals are interpreted by a repertoire of photoreceptors followed by sophisticated gene expression networks, eventually resulting in developmental changes. The expression and functions of photoreceptors and key signaling molecules are highly coordinated and regulated at multiple levels of the central dogma in molecular biology. Light activates gene expression through the actions of positive transcriptional regulators and the relaxation of chromatin by histone acetylation. Small regulatory RNAs help attenuate the expression of light-responsive genes. Alternative splicing, protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, the formation of diverse transcriptional complexes, and selective protein degradation all contribute to proteome diversity and change the functions of individual proteins. Photomorphogenesis, the light-driven developmental changes in plants, significantly impacts gene expression. It involves a cascade of events where light signals, perceived by photoreceptors, trigger changes in gene expression patterns, ultimately leading to the development of a plant in response to its light environment. Genes are expressed, not dictated! While having the potential to encode proteins, genes are not automatically and constantly active. Instead, their expression (the process of turning them into proteins) is carefully regulated by the cell, responding to internal and external signals. This means that genes can be "turned on" or "turned off," and the level of expression can be adjusted, depending on the cell's needs and the surrounding environment. In plants, genes are not simply "on" or "off" but rather their expression is carefully regulated based on various factors, including the cell type, developmental stage, and environmental conditions. This means that while all cells in a plant contain the same genetic information (the same genes), different cells will express different subsets of those genes at different times. This regulation is crucial for the proper functioning and development of the plant. When a green plant is exposed to red light, much of the red light is absorbed, but some is also reflected back. The reflected red light, along with any blue light reflected from other parts of the plant, can be perceived by our eyes as purple. Carotenoids absorb light in blue-green region of the visible spectrum, complementing chlorophyll's absorption in the red region. They safeguard the photosynthetic machinery from excessive light by activating singlet oxygen, an oxidant formed during photosynthesis. Carotenoids also quench triplet chlorophyll, which can negatively affect photosynthesis, and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular proteins. Additionally, carotenoid derivatives signal plant development and responses to environmental cues. They serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of phytohormones such as abscisic acid () and strigolactones (SLs). These pigments are responsible for the orange, red, and yellow hues of fruits and vegetables, while acting as free scavengers to protect plants during photosynthesis. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is an electronically excited state of molecular oxygen (O₂). Singlet oxygen is produced as a byproduct during photosynthesis, primarily within the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center and light-harvesting antenna complex. This occurs when excess energy from excited chlorophyll molecules is transferred to molecular oxygen. While singlet oxygen can cause oxidative damage, plants have mechanisms to manage its production and mitigate its harmful effects. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is considered a reactive oxygen species (ROS). It's a form of oxygen with higher energy and reactivity compared to the more common triplet oxygen found in its ground state. Singlet oxygen is generated both in biological systems, such as during photosynthesis in plants, and in cellular processes, and through chemical and photochemical reactions. While singlet oxygen is a ROS, it's important to note that it differs from other ROS like superoxide (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in its formation, reactivity, and specific biological roles. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) protects plants from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by dissipating excess light energy as heat. This process reduces the overexcitation of photosynthetic pigments, which can lead to the production of ROS, thus mitigating the potential for photodamage. Zeaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment, plays a crucial role in photoprotection in plants by both enhancing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In high-light conditions, zeaxanthin is synthesized from violaxanthin through the xanthophyll cycle, and this zeaxanthin then facilitates heat dissipation of excess light energy (NPQ) and quenches harmful ROS. The Issue of Singlet Oxygen!! ROS Formation: Blue light, with its higher energy photons, can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, within the plant. Potential Damage: High levels of ROS can damage cellular components, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, potentially impacting plant health and productivity. Balancing Act: A balanced spectrum of light, including both blue and red light, is crucial for mitigating the harmful effects of excessive blue light and promoting optimal plant growth and stress tolerance. The Importance of Red Light: Red light (especially far-red) can help to mitigate the negative effects of excessive blue light by: Balancing the Photoreceptor Response: Red light can influence the activity of photoreceptors like phytochrome, which are involved in regulating plant responses to different light wavelengths. Enhancing Antioxidant Production: Red and blue light can stimulate the production of antioxidants, which help to neutralize ROS and protect the plant from oxidative damage. Optimizing Photosynthesis: Red light is efficiently used in photosynthesis, and its combination with blue light can lead to increased photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production. In controlled environments like greenhouses and vertical farms, optimizing the ratio of blue and red light is a key strategy for promoting healthy plant growth and yield. Understanding the interplay between blue light signaling, ROS production, and antioxidant defense mechanisms can inform breeding programs and biotechnological interventions aimed at improving plant stress resistance. In summary, while blue light is essential for plant development and photosynthesis, it's crucial to balance it with other light wavelengths, particularly red light, to prevent excessive ROS formation and promote overall plant health. Oxidative damage in plants occurs when there's an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the plant's ability to neutralize them, leading to cellular damage. This imbalance, known as oxidative stress, can result from various environmental stressors, affecting plant growth, development, and overall productivity. Causes of Oxidative Damage: Abiotic stresses: These include extreme temperatures (heat and cold), drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and excessive light. Biotic stresses: Pathogen attacks and insect infestations can also trigger oxidative stress. Metabolic processes: Normal cellular activities, particularly in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, can generate ROS as byproducts. Certain chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediates can produce singlet oxygen (1O2), a potent ROS, leading to oxidative damage. ROS can damage lipids (lipid peroxidation), proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (DNA). Oxidative stress can compromise the integrity of cell membranes, affecting their function and permeability. Oxidative damage can interfere with essential cellular functions, including photosynthesis, respiration, and signal transduction. In severe cases, oxidative stress can trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis). Oxidative damage can lead to stunted growth, reduced biomass, and lower crop yields. Plants have evolved intricate antioxidant defense systems to counteract oxidative stress. These include: Enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and various peroxidases scavenge ROS and neutralize their damaging effects. Antioxidant molecules like glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), C60 fullerene, and carotenoids directly neutralize ROS. Developing plant varieties with gene expression focused on enhanced antioxidant capacity and stress tolerance is crucial. Optimizing irrigation, fertilization, and other management practices can help minimize stress and oxidative damage. Applying antioxidant compounds or elicitors can help plants cope with oxidative stress. Introducing genes for enhanced antioxidant enzymes or stress-related proteins over generations. Phytohormones, also known as plant hormones, are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds that regulate plant growth, development, and various physiological processes. The five major classes of phytohormones are: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. In addition to these, other phytohormones like brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and salicylates also play significant roles. Here's a breakdown of the key phytohormones: Auxins: Primarily involved in cell elongation, root initiation, and apical dominance. Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering. Cytokinins: Stimulate cell division and differentiation, and delay leaf senescence. Ethylene: Regulates fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and senescence. Abscisic acid (ABA): Plays a role in seed dormancy, stomatal closure, and stress responses. Brassinosteroids: Involved in cell elongation, division, and stress responses. Jasmonates: Regulate plant defense against pathogens and herbivores, as well as other processes. Salicylic acid: Plays a role in plant defense against pathogens. 1. Red and Far-Red Light (Phytochromes): Red light: Primarily activates the phytochrome system, converting it to its active form (Pfr), which promotes processes like stem elongation and flowering. Far-red light: Inhibits the phytochrome system by converting the active Pfr form back to the inactive Pr form. This can trigger shade avoidance responses and inhibit germination. Phytohormones: Red and far-red light regulate phytohormones like auxin and gibberellins, which are involved in stem elongation and other growth processes. 2. Blue Light (Cryptochromes and Phototropins): Blue light: Activates cryptochromes and phototropins, which are involved in various processes like stomatal opening, seedling de-etiolation, and phototropism (growth towards light). Phytohormones: Blue light affects auxin levels, influencing stem growth, and also impacts other phytohormones involved in these processes. Example: Blue light can promote vegetative growth and can interact with red light to promote flowering. 3. UV-B Light (UV-B Receptors): UV-B light: Perceived by UVR8 receptors, it can affect plant growth and development and has roles in stress responses, like UV protection. Phytohormones: UV-B light can influence phytohormones involved in stress responses, potentially affecting growth and development. 4. Other Colors: Green light: Plants are generally less sensitive to green light, as chlorophyll reflects it. Other wavelengths: While less studied, other wavelengths can also influence plant growth and development through interactions with different photoreceptors and phytohormones. Key Points: Cross-Signaling: Plants often experience a mix of light wavelengths, leading to complex interactions between different photoreceptors and phytohormones. Species Variability: The precise effects of light color on phytohormones can vary between different plant species. Hormonal Interactions: Phytohormones don't act in isolation; their interactions and interplay with other phytohormones and environmental signals are critical for plant responses. The spectral ratio of light (the composition of different colors of light) significantly influences a plant's hormonal balance. Different wavelengths of light are perceived by specific photoreceptors in plants, which in turn regulate the production and activity of various plant hormones (phytohormones). These hormones then control a wide range of developmental processes.