"Ultra Vires" C#4

Ultraviolet nopeeee

Ultraviolet Leaf shape and size are determined by the level of the light captured within the leaf. Once the danger of heat radiation burning the leaves has been negated there is no such thing as too much light, there is a point of diminishing returns in terms of photosynthesis but so long as you keep temperatures under control "too much light" is not a thing. The plant uses its photoreceptors to keep accurate tabs on light levels around the plant, it uses this feedback that determines where it puts its resources moving forward. In low light low temperatures, the plant will produce big fat thick leaves, this is by design as there are few photons available it must make sure it captures as many photons as it can within the chlorophyll net inside the leaf epidermis hence It makes it as thick and dense as it can. Once the plant reaches high levels of light saturation and toasty temperatures you will noticeably see much smaller and thinner leaves form as the plant gets closer to high-level light sources. Useful to a knowing eye you can ballpark estimate if a light source is too far away just from looking. Plant life is hardwired to grow toward the light. With the introduction of LEDs, heat radiation is no longer a big issue. Left to its own intelligence a plant will slow down vertical growth once it can no longer grow vertically comfortably. By topping once and then some lst bend a (highest) main stem below any other plant will now devote all its resources to whichever stem/s are nearest the light source. Just keep bending them all over, and it will seem like the plants grind to a halt, distributing their little resources to so many main stems.

Ultraviolet A cutting requires roots to uptake water, we must create an environment so humid the plant can absorb moisture through its one set of leaves, 70+RH% but also a good supply of fresh air and full temperature control. Once I see light lime green it will signify new growth of the plant, I will know it has started to re-root.

Ultraviolet Switched to 12 hours of dark. Just waiting the 4-7 days for first sign of flowers to show before I can start counting the flowering weeks. I want to take cuttings for clones when stem is juiced with flowering hormones. https://growdiaries.com/diaries/156342-grow-journal-by-exbeginner/week/859133

Ultraviolet aw well

Ultraviolet Light is an important environmental factor which controls growth and development in plants. Besides photosynthesis in which light is harvested by green plants and is converted- into chemical energy, there are numerous other plant responses to light such as phototropism, ger­mination of some light sensitive seeds e.g. lettuce, de-etiolation of monocot and dicot seed­lings etc., which are quite independent of photosynthesis and in which light just acts as envi­ronmental signal to bring about the particular photo-response. Most of these photo-responses control genetically defined structural development or morphogenesis (i.e., origin of form) of plants. The role of light in regulating morphogenesis is known as photo-morphogenesis. In plants, red and blue light are especially effective in inducing a photo-morphogenetic response. The effect of light in controlling morphogenesis can best be demonstrated by comparing a monocot (maize) or dicot (bean) seedling grown in light with one grown in darkness both of which have been reared from genetically identical seeds. Abundant reserve food in seeds elimi­nate the need for photosynthesis for many days. It can easily be noticed that dark grown seedling has become etiolated (i.e., pale and weak) while the one grown in light has stockier and green appearance with short stem and large leaf area (fig1. Since both etiolated and light grown seedlings were reared from genetically identical seeds, light must have altered the gene expression during germination so that the appearance or form of etiolated and light grown seedlings looks different. De-etiolation of light grown seedling can be done in very short period (hours) by placing it even in dim light. During de-etiolation, marked reduction in the rate of stem elongation, straightening of apical hook and development of green pigments can easily be noticed. The etiolated form of the seedling is thus gradually transformed to stockier green appearance and is the result of photo-morphogenesis. The development of seedling in darkness is called as skoto-morphogenesis (from Greek word Skotos = darkness). According to Hans Mohr (1983), there are two important stages of photo-morphogenesis: (i) Pattern specification, in which cells and tissues develop specific ability or competence to respond to light during certain developmental stage and (ii) Pattern realization, during which time the photo-response occurs. There are two main categories of plant responses to light signals: (i) Phytochrome medi­ated photoresponses and (ii) Blue-light responses or cryptochrome mediated photo-responses. (A) Phytochrome Mediated Photoresponses in Plants: Large number of photo-morphogenic responses in plants are known to be mediated by the proteinaceons pigment (chromoprotein) called phytochrome. This pigment acts as photorecep­tor and absorbs most strongly red and far-red light. It also absorbs blue light. The pigment phytochrome exists in two forms, (i) a red light absorbing form designated as PR form and (ii) another far-red light absorbing form designated as PFR form. These two forms are photochemically interconvertible. When PR form absorbs red light (650 – 680 nm), it is converted to PFR form. The PFR form absorbs far-red light (710 – 740 nm) and is converted to PR form. The PFR form of this pigment is believed to be physiologically active form. Absorption spectra of PR and PFR forms of phytochrome purified from etiolated Avena seedlings are given in Fig. 25.2. PR form shows a peak at 666 nm while PFR form at 730 nm. It is noteworthy that both forms of phytochrome also absorb in the blue region of spectrum of light. (The absorption maxima obtained in vitro mostly correspond with those in vivo provided that the native phytochrome is carefully purified and non-degraded). However, it is quite obvious from this figure that the absorption maxima of PR and PFR forms overlap considerably in the red region of the spec­trum of visible light and therefore, the phyto­chrome system cannot be quantitatively converted from PR to PFR. After irradiation with red light (or white light), there is an equilibrium between PR and PFR forms that depends upon the spectral composition of the light source. This equilibrium is called as photo-stationary equilibrium (ф) and is defined as ratio of the PFR conc. and the total phytochrome conc. (ρtotal) at a given wavelength. These values can be measured by difference spec­troscopy. ф = PFR/ PR+ PFR = PFR/Ptotal Most of the phytochrome mediated photoresponses in plants are reversible. These are induced by red light and reversed by far red light. A list of some of the photoreversible responses mediated by phytochrome in plants is given in table 25.1. Photoreversible responses mediated by phytochrome in plants One of the classical examples of photo-morphogenesis in plants induced by short red-far- red pulses is the germination of light sensitive seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). In early 1930s, Flint and McAlister (1937) demonstrated that germination of lettuce seeds is not only stimu­lated by white light but also by red light (shorter than 700 nm) and inhibited by far-red light (greater than 700 nm). In 1950s, Borthwick and Hendricks and their associates obtained spectacular results by exposing lettuce seeds to alternating red and far-red treatments. They observed much higher per­centage of germination when the seeds received red light as the final treatment. Seed germination was markedly inhibited when seeds received final treatment with far-red light. (Table 25.2) Effect of alternating red/far Borthwick and his associates also predicted existence of the photoreceptor phytochrome in two different forms which was proved to be absolutely correct later on when this pigment was isolated in plant extracts for the first time by Butler et al in 1959 and its photo-reversibility was confirmed in vitro. Based on the amount of light required or the fluence (no. of photons absorbed per unit sur­face area), the phytochrome mediated photo-responses can be grouped into three main categories: (a) Very Low Fluence Responses (VLFRs): These responses are initiated by very low fluences (0.1 to 1 n mol m-2) saturating at 50 n mol m-2 and are non-photo reversible. For example, brief flash of red light with fluence as low as 0.1 n mol m-2 can stimulate the growth of coleoptile and inhibit growth of mesocotyl in oat seedlings that have been grown in dark. Similarly, red light with fluence of only 1-100 n mol m-2 is enough to stimulate seed germination in Arabidopsis. (In monocots, the elongated area of axis between coleoptile and root is called as mesocotyl) (b) Low Fluence Responses (LFRs): These responses require fluence of at least 1.0 nmol m-2 saturating at 1000 n mol m-2 and are photo-reversible. Most of the red/far-red photo-responses including the lettuce seed germi­nation belong to this category. (c) High Irradiance Responses (HIRs): These responses require continuous or prolonged exposure to light of relatively high irradiance saturating at much higher fluences (at least 100 times more) than LFRs and are non- photo-reversible. Examples are: (i) Anthocyanin synthesis in dicot seedlings and in apple skin, (ii) Ethylene production in sorghum, (iii) Induction of flowering in Hyoscyamus (a long day plant), (iv) Opening of plumular hook in lettuce, (v) Enlargement of cotyledons in mustard, (vi) Inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in many dicot seedlings etc. (B) Blue Light Responses or Cryptochrome Mediated Photoresponses: Apart from phytochrome mediated photo-responses, large number of photo-responses in plants are known which are controlled by blue light and are believed to be mediated through a group of yet unidentified pigments called crypto chrome (crypto from cryptogams), the latter acting as photoreceptor in such responses. Blue light responses have been reported in algae, fungi, ferns and higher plants. Some of the typical and most commonly known blue-light responses in plants are: (i) Phototropism (ii) Stomatal opening (iii) Inhibition of hypocotyl elongation (iv) Sun tracking by leaves (v) Phototaxis (vi) Movements of chloroplasts within the cells and (vii) Stimulation of synthesis of carotenoids and chlorophylls etc. Crypto chrome absorbs light rays mostly in violet-blue region of the spectrum (400 – 500 nm). It also absorbs long wave ultraviolet rays in UV-A region (320 to 400 nm). However, most photo-responses of plants caused by crypto chrome result from absorption in violet-blue region of the spectrum but they are simply called as blue-light responses Although phytochrome and some other photoreceptors also absorb blue light, but the typi­cal blue-light morphogenetic responses differ from photo-responses mediated by them in being insensitive to red light and there is no red/far- red reversibility. i. The action spectra of many blue-light re­sponses in higher plants such as phototropism, stomatal movement, inhibition of hypocotyl elon­gation etc. are similar and characteristic. They show three peaks in blue region (400 – 500 nm) of the spectrum of visible light. This three peaked, action spectrum is also known as three fingers action spectrum (because of its resemblance in shape with three fingers) and is typical of most blue light responses (Fig. 25.3). Three fingers action spectrum is not observed in phytochrome mediated photo-responses or photo-responses mediated by other photoreceptors other than crypto-chrome. Typical three peaked ii. Scientists have implicated roles of yellow pigment carotenoids or flavins as photoreceptors in blue-light responses of plants for a long time. However, the spectroscopy of blue-light responses is complex and it is not easy to distinguish between these two types of pigments by comparing available action and absorption spectra. Action spectrum for phototropism Fig. 25.4. Shows relationships between action spectrum for phototropism and absorption spectra of riboflavin and β-carotene. The strong peak in UV-region of the spectrum (360-380 nm) suggests riboflavin as the photoreceptor pigment, while three peaks in blue regions (400 – 500 nm) of the spectrum favours carotene. Nevertheless, accumulating evidences strongly favour flavin pigment to be the primary photoreceptor in phototropism. Schmidt (1984) has summarised arguments in favour of flavins or carotenoids as photoreceptor pigments in blue light responses of plants as follows: (a) Arguments in Favour of Flavins: (i) Action spectra show UV maximum between 350-400 nm. (ii) Primary steps of the blue light response are dependent on presence of O2. (iii) Flavin reactions are often redox reactions. (iv) Light can be substituted by oxidants while reductants suppress the blue light reaction. (v) Blue light reaction is inhibited by flavin inhibitors such as KI. (vi) Blue light action spectra resemble low temp, spectra of flavins. (vii) Neurospora mutant which is free of carotenoids shows blue light response. (viii) Half life of carotenoids in first excited singlet state is very short (10-13 seconds) (b) Arguments in Favour of Carotenoids: (i) Three peaked (three fingers) action spectra resemble absorption spectra of carotenoids. (ii) Small or no UV maximum in some action spectra. (iii) Energy transfer from UV absorbing pigment to carotenoids is feasible. (iv) Carotenoids from diatom mutant do not show blue light response. Earlier evidences suggested crypto chrome to be one or both of the yellow pigments, carotenoids (such as β-carotene, zeaxanthin) and/or flavins (such as riboflavin, FAD) which medi­ate blue-light responses in plants. However, with extensive researches done with mutants and transgenic plants and over expression studies beginning in early 1990s, the vexed problem of identification of blue-light receptors in plants has gradually been resolved now. The term crypto chrome is now applied specifically to flavoprotein photoreceptor that mediates inhibition of hypocotyl (stem) elongation caused by blue-light. Blue-light photoreceptor in phototropism and chloroplasts movements in plants is phototropin which is also a flavoprotein. The carotenoid zeaxanthin is blue-light photoreceptor involved in stomatal opening. Photoreceptors: A brief account of all these photoreceptors follows: 1. Crypto-chrome: The first protein with characteristics of blue-light receptor was isolated in 1993 from Arabidopsis. It was found that hy4 mutant of Arabidopsis had lost the capacity to respond specifically to blue-light in that it showed an elongated hypocotyl even on irradiation with blue-light (In the wild type, blue-light causes inhibition of hypocotyl elongation). Isolation of the hy4 gene (later named as cryl) showed that it encoded a 75 kDa protein called crypto-chrome 1 (CRY1) with remarkable sequence similarity (homology) to DNA photolyase in having two chromophores: a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and a pterin attached to the apoprotein (Fig. 25.5). This led to the establishment of cryptochrome to be a flavoprotein that was involved in inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in response to blue-light. (The structure of pterin is given in figure 25.6. For structure of FAD). Diagrammatic representation of the chromophere binding domains (DNA photolyase is a blue-light activated flavoenzyme which repairs UV-induced damage to mi­crobial DNA. Cryptochrome differs from photolyase mainly in two respects. Firstly, the cryptochrome does not show photolyase activity and secondly, unlike photolyase it has an extended carboxy-terminal domain (Fig. 25.5) with kinase activity). A second cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) also with two chro­mophores like CRY1, has also been isolated from Arabidopsis (Lin 2000). CRY2, mediates blue-light stimulated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, increase in cotyledon expansion and anthocyanin production. It also has a role in determining flow­ering time. Both CRY1 and CRY2 appear to be ubiquitous in plant kingdom, but while CRY1 is stable in light grown seedling, CRY2 is rapidly degraded in light. Structure of pterin Mechanism of action of cryptochrome: The mechanism of action of crypto chrome remains elusive so far. The flavins are known to participate in oxidation-reduction reactions and photolyases repair damaged DNA (as a result of UV-radiations) by transferring electrons to pyrimidine dimers. Crypto chromes may act probably in a similar way through some electron transfer mechanism. 2. Phototropins: Phototropins are blue-light receptors that mediate phototropism and chloroplasts movements in plants. In late 1980s, it was found that blue-light stimulated phosphorylation of a 120 kDa pro­tein located on plasmamembrane of actively growing regions of etiolated seedlings. These regions were also most responsive to phototropic stimulus. Extensive biochemical and physiological studies showed this protein to be a kinase autophosphorylating in blue-light and which could be the photoreceptor for phototropism. Later on, a mutant nph1 (won phototropic hypocotyl 1) was isolated from Arabidopsis which lacked phototropic response in the hypocotyl and also the 120 kDa membrane protein. It was genetically independent of the hy4 mutant as it showed blue-light induced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. The nph1 gene was cloned and it was found (as postulated) to encode a 120 kDa pro­tein nph1. The nph1 gene was renamed as phot1 and the protein encoded by it was named phototropin (Briggs and Christie, 2002). Phototropin is also a flavoprotein with two flavin mononucleotide (FMN) chromophores. The protein has a carboxy-terminal domain with a serine/threonine kinase activity. In the amino-terminal half, there are two domains called LOV domains (of about 100 amino acids each) to which are attached the chromophores (Fig. 25.5). (LOV domains are so called because they are characteristics of microbial proteins which regulate response to light, oxygen and voltage). Recent spectroscopic studies done by Swartz et al, 2000) have shown that in dark, FMN mol­ecules remain non covalently bound to LOV domains, but on irradiations with blue-light they become covalently bound to cysteine residues of the apoprotein through a sulphur atom forming a cysteine- flavin covalent adduct. The reaction is reversed in dark. A second gene called phot 2 has also been isolated from Arabidopsis which is related to phot 1. It is believed that phototropic response involves both phot 1 and phot 2. Mechanism of action of phototropins: The mechanism of action of phototropins is not clear. It has been observed that blue-light causes a transient increase in cytosolic calcium concentra­tion and there are indications that phototropin signalling chain may partly involve regulation of cytoplasmic calcium concentration. 3. Zeaxanthin: The carotenoid zeaxanthin has been shown to be blue-light receptor in guard cells that plays central role in blue-light stimulated stomatal opening. (See chapter 17 for structure of zeaxanthin). Following evidences strongly support role of zeaxanthin in stomatal opening: (i) The absorption spectrum of zeaxanthin closely resembles the action spectrum of blue- light stimulated stomatal opening. (ii) During stomatal opening in intact leaves, the incident radiation, zeaxanthin concentration in guard cell, and stomatal apertures have been found to be directly correlated. (iii) Blue-light sensitivity of guard cells increases with an increased concentration of zeaxanthin in guard cells. (iv) There is complete inhibition of blue-light stimulates stomatal opening by 3mM conc. of dithiothreitol (DTT) which is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme that converts violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. (v) In facultative CAM plant species such as MeSembryanthemum crystallinum, there is a shift from C3 to CAM mode of carbon metabolism in response to accumulation of salts. In C3 mode, the guard cells accumulate zeaxanthin and exhibit blue-light response. But, in CAM mode, neither there is accumulation of zeaxanthin in guard cells nor they respond to blue- light. (In CAM plants, stomata remain closed during the day). Mechanism of action of zeaxanthin: It is believed that the excitation of zeaxanthin by blue- light in guard cells starts a signal transduction pathway that includes: (i) Isomerization of zeaxanthin, (ii) Conformational changes in the apoprotein (iii) Transmission of blue-light signal across the chloroplast membrane by a secondary messenger (most probably Ca++, phosphatases, calcium binding protein calmodulin and inosi­tol triphosphate (IP3), (iv) Activation of H+-ATPases at the guard cell plasma membrane resulting in pumping of protons across the membrane and intake of K+ ions followed by Cl– ions. (v) Turgor build up in guard cell and stomatal opening. The blue-light stimulated stomatal opening can be reversed by green light. This may happen if green light is applied with blue-light in continuous light treatment or if a blue-light pulse (of about 30 seconds duration) is followed by a green light pulse. A second blue-light pulse after green-light can restore the stomatal opening. It has been suggested by various workers that green light reverses the isomerization of zeaxanthin resulting in regeneration of inactive zeaxanthin isomer. The latter is unable to mediate the blue-light response. (Besides phytochrome and cryptochrome, there are two other categories of photoreceptors which are known to affect photomorphogenesis in plants. They are, (i) protochlorophyllide-a, a pigment which absorbs red and blue light and is converted to chlorophyll-a and (ii) UV-B photoreceptor – one or more unidentified compounds which absorb short wave ultra­violet rays in UV-B-region (280-320 nm).

Ultraviolet Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), occurs naturally in rainwater and acts as nature's cleanser. It oxygenates soil and bodies of water, is completely non-toxic and safe to use around food, people and animals. Adding it when watering your indoor plants, mimics what Mother Nature does for outdoor plants every time it rains. Hydrogen peroxide is distilled water with an extra atom of oxygen. H2O means 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen atom. The extra 2 in H2O2 means 2 hydrogens and 2 oxygen atoms, called hydrogen peroxide. H202 rapidly decays in the soil decaying Into h2o and o. Oxygen is the number ONE limiting factor of plant growth (once supplied with co2). The Oxygen is mixed with water, starches sugars, n,p and k to make the more complex proteins. H2O2 provides extra oxygen to roots for growth and germination: To sanitise seeds: Use undiluted H2O2 3%. Put seeds in a container that can be sealed. Pour Oxygen Plus to just cover seeds. Seal and soak seeds for 4 hours. Rinse with water. To speed up germination: Mix 30mls H2O2 3% with 2 cups of water (a measuring cup makes it easy to get the right amount). Soak seeds overnight, then plant as usual. For planted seedlings: Spray with H2O2 solution of 1 part H2O2 3% to 32 parts water (eg: around 30mls per 1 litre - measuring cup recommended). For established plants: Mix 1:1 ratio of 3% H2O2 and water (eg: 1 cup of each). Bottom or top water as usual (water soil only, do not pour on leaves).

Ultraviolet I have been hesitant with super-cropping never fully understanding exactly what to do, worrying, decided to try a few side-stems and it worked very well with little to no damage on the exterior lining, excited to add it to the arsenal of techniques more frequently next grow as it was really noticed the boost in growth on the tested stem.

Ultraviolet UV is like a double-edged sword, I have been slowly increasing dosage duration although minimal damage to plants I feel like 4 hours+ is stunting growth. clearly makes extra trichomes that act as a sunscreen for the strong rays. it is hard to say, it feels like the stress response took priority over new growth, the response required to protect from such strong uv rays, the plant had to withdraw energy normally used for growth, it's like a trade-off you need to find balance. I need to make identical DNA clones and grow one with and one without uv to visually experience the differences myself. It is one thing to read the effects of photomorphogenesis of uvr8 in scientific literature than it is to witness it for oneself. Keep learning, I was pretty pleased with the stretch this grow, must remember next time to cut back before the stretch for root idea!! UVB+A light on a dynamic spectrum allows growers to develop lighting schedules that shape terpene profiles and increase other secondary metabolites. This allows them to take common genetics and develop proprietary expressions far beyond what genetics can achieve alone. ”Significant new understanding of UVB mediated processes in plants has been gained during the last decade. As a result of improved experimental design and methods, the view of UVB radiation as a damaging agent has given way to a view where UVB radiation is considered a specific regulator of gene expression, metabolite profiles, and responses to climate change for plants growing in sunlight. Recent genetic studies have revealed the existence of UVB-specific signaling pathways in plants, and have identified several components including a photoreceptor (UVR8). The discovery of these UVB-specific signaling pathways has confirmed the contention that UVB irradiance is a specific regulatory factor in plant-environment relationships. Research on the molecular basis of UVB mediated regulatory process in plants is now yielding a novel understanding of the mechanisms underlying growth and phenotypic plasticity, and consequences thereof for plant performance in crop and natural ecosystems.” www.uv4plants.org publications/uv-and-plants Research has proven that 285 nm UVB triggers the UVR8 pathway, which increases the production of secondary metabolites that mediate many aspects of the interaction of plants with their environments such as acting as feeding deterrents against herbivores, pollinator attractants, protective compounds against pathogens or various abiotic stresses, antioxidants, and signaling molecules. Increased Production of Specific Secondary Metabolites in Cannabis: Cannabinoids Terpenoids Flavonoids Stilbenoids Alkaloids Lignans 385 nm light is on the boundary of UVA and visible light. It is proven to increase cell wall thickness and health, making the plant more resilient against intense UV, pests, mold, and mildew. Experiments have shown that 385nm UVA light makes the UVR8 photon receptor more susceptible to the effects of 285 nm UVB which means less energy is required to effectively trigger the UVR8 pathway. Plants exploit blue and UVA light to drive DNA repair processes. Researchers have shown that DNA damage due to UV is mostly repaired by subsequent exposure to light in the blue or UVA range of the spectrum (Ref. 12). Blue light and/or UVA exposure activate an enzyme (photolyase) that repairs damaged DNA sequences. The advantage of this system is that when plants are exposed to UVR, there is always a lot of blue light present. The involvement of blue or UVA light in this process is known as photoreactivation. Photoreactivation is the major defense against UV-induced damage in plants. What You Can Expect from Proper UVA Exposure UVA-induced changes include thicker leaves, shorter petioles and stems, increased axillary branching, and altered root-shoot ratio. A friendly warning: Not all UV is created equal. Some lighting manufacturers include a portion of UVA in their spectrum. Although these amounts do increase secondary metabolite production to some extent, they do not effectively trigger the UVR8 chemical pathway. This specifically requires 290 to 280 nm light. Using the correct UV wavelength is extremely important as it affects plant performance as well as operating costs. UVB requires more energy than visible light to produce. Whoopsy, a little bit of UV damage going on, dialed back the hours back to 4 per day. Added some Fish Shit we had left over! Added net to help hold up cola ran out of yoyo hangers.

Ultraviolet Human Body 65% Oxygen (in all liquids and tissues, bones, and proteins) 18% Carbon (everywhere) 10% Hydrogen (in all liquids and tissues, bones, proteins 3% Nitrogen (in all liquids and tissues, proteins 1,5% Calcium (lungs, kidney, liver, thyroid, brain, muscles, heart, bones) 1% Phosphorus (urine, bones, DNA) 0,35% Potassium (enzymes) 0,25% Sulphur (proteins) 0,15% Sodium (in all liquids and tissues) (in terms of salt) 0,05% Magnesium (lungs, kidney, liver, thyroid, brain, muscles, heart) The average adult male contains about 140 g of K(Potassium); the level varies with body weight and muscle mass. We ingest about 2.5 g per day of K from our food and excrete about the same amount. 0.0118 % of that is K40 The answer is that they were present when our earth was formed. Any radioactive material originally present at the formation of the earth would have decayed and disappeared if its half-life was short compared to the age of the earth. However, if its half-life were long, close to or greater than the age of the earth, then such materials would not have disappeared but are still with us today. There are several radioelements in this category, such as the well-known elements uranium and thorium. Thorium (Th232) has a half-life of 14,000,000,000 years, uranium has two long-lived radioisotopes; U238 has a half-life of 4,500,000,000 years, and U235 has a half-life of 710,000,000 years. These give rise to the radium and thorium atoms found in all humans, acquired from the food we eat. That food, of course, obtained these materials from the soil in which it grew or on which it grazed. Potassium is also in this category. There are actually three potassium isotopes: K39, a stable isotope, is the most abundant, at 93.26 % of the total; K41 is next in abundance at 6.73 % and is also a stable isotope. The potassium isotope of interest is a radioactive isotope, K40. It is present in all potassium at a very low concentration, 0.0118 %. It has a very long half-life, 1,260,000,000 years. When it decays 89 % of the events give rise to the emission of a beta ray with maximum energy of 1.33 MeV. The other 11 % of the decays produce a gamma-ray with an energy of 1.46 MeV The forces required to forge thorium 232 can only be harnessed when traveling close to or at the speed of light, so essentially what I'm getting at is 0.0118% of every person alive is formed of the same element that was forged in the anvil of creation itself. We are all one & the same German chemist Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner attempted to classify elements with similar properties into groups of three elements each. These groups were called ‘triads’. Dobereiner suggested that in these triads, the atomic mass of the element in the middle would be more or less equal to the mean of the atomic masses of the other two elements in the triad. An example of such a triad would be one containing lithium, sodium, and potassium. The atomic mass of lithium 6.94 and that of potassium is 39.10. The element in the middle of this triad, sodium, has an atomic mass of 22.99 which is more or less equal to the mean of the atomic masses of lithium and potassium (which is 23.02). 9 controls the 6 and 3. The Limitations of Dobereiner’s Triads are : All the elements known at that time couldn’t be classified into triads. Only four triads were mentioned – (Li,Na,K ), (Ca,Sr,Ba) , (Cl,Br,I) , (S,Se,Te). 2. Newland’s Octaves English scientist John Newlands arranged the 56 known elements in increasing order of atomic mass in the year 1866. He observed a trend wherein every eighth element exhibited properties similar to the first. Azomite contains 180ppm of thorium. Your plant will thank you, you are welcome. Most farmers do have not a proper understanding of what is Azomite and how to use it in gardening, especially if they practice organic farming. Continuous propagation and leaching effects of water deplete the essential minerals and micro-nutrients from the soils. Such soils remain weak, not able to support the production of fruits and vegetables. Azomite mineral contains micronutrients that supplement the soil. It also balances the minerals for growth and overall productivity. Constant use of this mineral rejuvenates your soil renewing its potency again. Azomite is a naturally mined mineral product that is ready to use. It’s a unique rock that comes from a mine in central Utah. Azomite requires no mixing or special preparation before use. It is derived from volcano ash that spewed out millions of years ago. It contains the widest range of minerals of all the rock dust in the world. Azomite provides plants with 70% essential elements. These elements include magnesium, calcium, potassium, and silicon for plant growth. Facts About Azomite Fertilizer It’s a natural mineral – 100% natural with no fillers or additives Does not contain any harmful elements Requires no special preparation before use It’s odorless – very friendly to use Does not restrict water penetration or aeration Is easily broken down and absorbed into the soil Does not burn plants. READ ALL OF THIS, Magic is real:) Mag(net)ic has always been real. Nuclear charge radii are sensitive probes of different aspects of the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the bulk properties of nuclear matter, providing a stringent test and challenge for nuclear theory. Experimental evidence suggested a new magic neutron number at N= 32 (refs. 1–3) in the calcium region, whereas the unexpectedly large increases in the charge radii4,5 open new questions about the evolution of nuclear size in neutron-rich systems. By combining the collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy method with β-decay detection, we were able to extend charge radii measurements of potassium isotopes beyond N= 32. Here we provide a charge radius measurement of 52K. It does not show a signature of magic behavior at N= 32 in potassium. The results are interpreted with two state-of-the-art nuclear theories. The coupled cluster theory reproduces the odd-even variations in charge radii but not the notable increase beyond N= 28. This rise is well captured by Fayans nuclear density functional theory, which, however, overestimates the odd-even staggering effect in charge radii. These findings highlight our limited understanding of the nuclear size of neutron-rich systems and expose problems that are present in some of the best current models of nuclear theory. The charge radius is a fundamental property of the atomic nucleus. Although it globally scales with the nuclear mass as A1/3, the nuclear charge radius also exhibits appreciable isotopic variations that are the result of complex interactions between protons and neutrons. Indeed, charge radii reflect various nuclear structure phenomena such as halo structures6, shape staggering7, and shape coexistence8, pairing correlations9,10, neutron skins11, and the occurrence of nuclear magic numbers5,12,13. The term ‘magic number’ refers to the number of protons or neutrons corresponding to completely filled shells. In charge radii, a shell closure is observed as a sudden increase in the charge radius of the isotope just beyond magic shell closure, as seen, for example, at the well-known magic numbers N=28, 50, 82, and 126 (refs. 5,12–14).In the nuclear mass region near potassium, the isotopes with proton number Z≈20 and neutron number N=32 are proposed to be magic on the basis of an observed sudden decrease in their binding energy beyond N=32 (refs. 2,3) and the high excitation energy of the first excited state in 52Ca (ref. 1). Therefore, the experimentally observed a strong increase in the charge radii of calcium4 and potassium5 isotopes between N=28 and N=32, and in particular the large radius of 51K and 52Ca (both having 32 neutrons), have attracted substantial attention. One aim of the present study is therefore to shed light on several open questions in this region: how does the nuclear size of very neutron-rich nuclei evolve, and is there any evidence for the magicity of N=32 from nuclear size measurements? We furthermore provide new data to test several newly developed nuclear models, which aim to understand the evolution of nuclear charge radii of exotic isotopes with large neutron-to-proton imbalances. So far, abinitio nuclear methods, allowing for systematically improvable calculations based on realistic Hamiltonians with nucleon-nucleon and three-nucleon potentials, have failed to explain the enhanced nuclear sizes beyond N=28 in the calcium isotopes4,15. Meanwhile, nuclear density functional theory (DFT) using Fayans functionals has been successful in predicting the increase in the charge radii of isotopes in the proton-magic calcium chain10, as well as the kinks in proton-magic tin and lead12. All these theoretical approaches have, until now, been predominantly used to study the charge radii of even-Z isotopes. Here they will be applied to the odd-Z potassium isotopes (Z=19). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-01136-5

Ultraviolet Darkness is the absence of light, not to be mistaken for the color black which is all the colors combined with strong intensity. "Colors, to be sure, will often affect the body." Cayce (299-1) "Colors affect the body, even as pollen does many another." Cayce (5511-1) "Colors will also find an influence ... especially those not too severe, but the violet, ultra-violet, shades of green, of mode (mauve?) and pink. Though the others may make for a rigor oft in the entity, the delicate shades - or those which may be termed the spiritual - will influence the entity. When illness were to come about, soft music and the lighter shades or tones will quiet, where medicine would fail ... (may have stage or politics for vocation). In these fields the entity will gain the most; but the developing will come for the soul, for the spiritual portion, through music ... awakenings through color and song, and especially dirge..." Cayce (773-1) "By color certain activities are also symbolized, - for instance, black indicates the whole combination of all. For, to material interpretation, white is the absence of color, black is the combination of them all. The dark blue indicates awakening; purple, healing; white, purity; gold, attaining. All of these and their varied shades indicate the activity; this applying to the stars as well as the sun or moon. The sun indicates strength and life, while the moon indicates change - and in one direction indicating the singleness of that activity through an individual experience, - the variations being indicated by the variations in color. Star, - the white, purity; the five-pointed, the whole senses of man indicated as attained to activity - the colors showing the variation; the forms of six, seven or eight pointed indicating the attainments, - as do the seven stars in a figure indicate the attaining to the seven particular centers in the body." Cayce (5746-1) "We will find that colors influence the entity a great deal more, even, than musical forces in their tone, or the color in music. Drab colors and certain greens have an effect upon the entity that is almost such as to bring illness in the physical body; while purples or violets or shades of tan bring an exultant influence - tending to bring building influences to the entity." Cayce (482-124?) "In those things that pertain to correlation of the spiritual or soul forces of the entity with its activities in colors, and inharmonious relationships: the tonal numbers are in F and C, while the colors should be purple - which denote the royalty of the associations and make for an influence in the vibrations about the entity. And this, with violet, should be about the body when there is any disorder in the vibrations in the body; for the effect these have upon the relationships between the physical, mental and soul-developing forces ...would give strength to the activities in relationship with the body." Cayce (324-1) "Each body, each activity, each soul-entity vibrates better to this, that or other color... Colors are naturally the spiritualization of tone or sound..." Cayce (288-38) (SVP) There is a correspondence between color and music notes. For SVP purposes the correspondences below are used. (Subject to change at any time for any reason.) Color Note Indig Infrared Dark Red Red C Orange D 1 Yellow E 2 White Green F 3 Blue G 4 Indigo A Violet B Ultraviolet Bb In Nature, there are only structures and orifices. From these arise all forms of materialization and dematerialization, if orifices and vessels are organized in an inversely symmetrical configuration and within them, the reciprocal gaseous substances are correctly dosed. Pressure and suction, and most important of all, the temperature-gradient should be aligned in the right sense (+ not -), through which the desired energy is freed at the point of intersection. T his can be accumulated if the thing is cooled during its motion, becoming homogenously structured in the process. In this manner it is even possible to decompose ordinary air into animalistic electrical essences, or to produce an artificial thunderstorm, whose transformative essences discharge into metal conductors, calling into being a physical vacuum with which a thunderstorm can be produced in the tube, whose power exceeds that of a cyclone. While it is still necessary to use small quantities of earthly substances in the artificial production of petrol (gasoline), no fuels of any kind are needed to operate the air turbine4. This will avert the crisis that will inevitably ensue if nature-alienated humanity continues to combust substances in its machines, which are preordained by Nature for the provision of food. The seemingly remarkable behavior of liquids under the influence of light is the totally natural permanent condition of the eternal 'Arising' and 'Passing Away', of the evolution from small to large and vice versa, whose vital harmony Goethe has already explained to us so beautifully that all we need to do is read his works so as to create the perpetual interaction required by all molecules in order to exist in a state of well-behaved order. Space and volume are inversely disposed opposites, which consume or animate one another depending on whether one is made to burn by the other or is itself ennobled intrinsically through this reciprocal intensification and polarisation. Today's technology mistakenly chose the former of the two processes and it is therefore no wonder that cancer is on the rampage here, there, and everywhere. Goethe said, "The driving wheels of Nature are polarity and intensification and whoever understands enough to untie also knows enough to bind." What is born in light, disintegrates in the coolness of the ground. It rises up and returns again as a ray of energy in order to quicken that which stands ready to become new life at the boundary between space and volume. Every leaf is an animalistic magnet in monoplane form, which attracts and radiates, depending on whether the Sun shines on it or cold caresses it. This great law of reciprocity also operates in the water, which constantly restructures itself by altering its space and volume. The space is shaped by light and heat. The volume is a product of darkness and coolness. If we understand how to apportion the opposing relation between space and volume and how to organize its intrinsic structure, then the substance - water - will become 'The Space' and the formless volume of its realization, which is transformed instantaneously with heat pressure, thereby creating the motion that fills the over-lying interspace. If nature-alienated humanity, however, reverses this purposeful process and combusts precisely those substances that occasion life, then they should no longer be surprised when the Sun burns up that which serves it as an intermediate space, and which serves humankind for the maintenance of life. Life unfolds itself in three spheres: 1. in the Carbone5 -sphere 2. in the Atmosphere 3. in the Stratosphere The connection between these spheres is created by water. Conversely, the various states of aggregation of water form the bridges for the formation and reconstitution of the basic elements carried by water, which succeed in reach-ing the Earth's interior from the stratosphere and vice versa. The purely mechanical circulation of the physical form - water - operates in the opposite direction to the circulation of energy. The rising of the C-substances with their carrier - water - is countered by the sinking of the oxygen. Where these 5 Carbone: In contrast to the normal use and definition of 'carbon', Viktor Schauberger grouped all the known elements and their compounds, with the exception of oxygen and hydrogen, under the general classification of 'Mother Substances', which he described with the word 'Kohle-stoffe', normally spelt 'Kohlenstoffe' and meaning carbon. Apart from the above definition the hyphen also signifies a higher aspect of carbon, both physically and energetically or immaterially. The additional V in the English word is therefore intended to redefine and enlarge the scope of the usual term 'carbon' in accordance with Viktor's concepts. On occasion carbone will be represented by the term C' differentiate it from the normal term for carbon — C- Ed. Mutually contra-directional currents intersect, energy is freed. These energetic interactions can never reach a state of rest due to the constant variation in the length of night and day. Inevitably therefore, there is a continual shift in the individual microclimatic conditions, which further result in variations in the quantity and quality of the basic elements. The outcome of this incessant reciprocal activity on the one hand is the reconstitution othe various kinds of water present in the individual zones,and on the other, the constant transformation of the species of vegetation in which water makes its way, ceaselessly moved by this inner interplay of forces. This inner, energetic interaction, however, is opposed by the effect of the water's weight. The alternating magnitudes of these component forces inevitably lead to the constant rising and falling of the water particles - the so-called pulsation of water. Every new formation and all growth is derived from the smallest beginnings. Continuing development in the early stages can only be accomplished if the circulation in the Earth's interior proceeds correctly. According to inner law, every higher form of vegetation is built up from the lower species preceding it. The carrier of the substances and the transmitter of the life-processes in the root-zone is the groundwater. The impulse for its movement is caused by a drop in temperature, to which the inner metabolic processes of the here decisive groups of basic elements give rise. The impulse for the movement of water is thus a product of the interactions between the opposites contained within it, which find their necessary resistance in the water itself. Through the resistance arising from the interactions between carbone and oxygen, fluctuations in temperature again occur and with them the impulse to move - the pulsation of water, which in this way at times dissolves salts and at others deposits them, transports them, creates energies and transforms them. The sense and purpose of these perpetual transformation processes is the creation and maintenance of the various types of vegetation and physical forms, which on their part again represent the bridges for the build-up and maintenance of the energies. The potential differences in constant existence between inner and outer temperatures are none other than forms of energy, which complete the cycle of water and at the same time kindle it anew. Evolutionary manifestations are, therefore, 1, of material, and 2. of immaterial nature. Stone, plants, animals, human beings, planets and Sun are organisms possessed of body and soul. Every ray of light or heat requires a physical form in which it can evolve, or organize itself. Everybody requires an inner energy that builds it up or transforms it. When a body disintegrates then those energies that created it will again be freed. They are never lost. If they lose their place of abode with the decaying of the body, then they are willingly taken up by the water that eternally circulates in, on, and above the Earth and which conducts them once more to a new life. Therefore wherever we look there is life, constant formation, and transformation. Should we look into apparent emptiness, then a sea of spiritual life, passed and future generations, returns our gaze. Every material form of vegetation is always the reflection of an immaterial form consisting of light, heat, and radiation. Every change in sphere changes the outer and inner relations of the whole, changes the weight and the intensity of the inner radiation of water and thus the direction in which this carrier of life moves. Disturbances to the inner and outer conformities with natural law lead to a disturbance in the organization of the whole evolution of life. The disappearance of water or its substantial transformation is a very serious warning sign because the character of the water also changes with its inner composition, and with this the character of all forms of life, including human beings. The qualitative decline of the vegetation and above all the deterioration of the highest plant organism - the forest, the psychic and moral degeneration of humankind, is only the legitimate consequence of the disturbance of the physical composition of water and the disruption of the geosphere occasioned by humanity's subversive activity in the organism of the Earth. What we are experiencing today is no crisis, but rather the demise of the whole, i.e. the qualitative, physical degeneration of all organisms, brought into effect through the disturbance of Nature's water balance. In step with this devolution goes the moral, mental and spiritual collapse of humanity, which has already reached such an advanced state, that despite all warning signs people still do not recognize the seriousness of the situation. Worse than animals, they seek their final salvation in the decimation of humanity with weapons of war, that our priests even bless along with the banners under which our children are supposed to bleed to death. The decision, whether we take the latter path or whether at the final hour we can protect ourselves from our own self-mutilation, only lies with us, or with those men of science and the state, who take upon themselves an altogether appalling responsibility, when out of personal interest, with no consideration of the gravity of the situation and being incapable of bringing any effective help, they continue to adhere to their present point of view.

Ultraviolet Increased night cycle to 16 hours

Ultraviolet Like a lot of concepts related to health, UV light is misunderstood. As with everything in life, context is important when we talk about the impact of UV light on our health. As far as we can remember, humans have worshiped the sun for its therapeutic properties. Whether in cave paintings or Egyptian and Aztec deities, humans have consistently recognized the power of light in their life. Full-spectrum sunlight consists of a mixture of different wavelengths. From the shortest to the longest wavelengths, we have ultraviolet light (UV), visible light containing all the rainbow colors, and infrared light. UV and infrared light are invisible to our eyes, but it doesn't mean they don't affect us—quite the opposite. What determines if UV light is present in our environment? The amount of UV light available to us depends on several factors, including: The time of day: UV levels are at their highest mid-day. They are at their lowest during early morning and late afternoon/early evening. Latitude: the sun's radiation is most intense at the equator and the lowest at the poles. The farther you are from the equator, the less UV light you are exposed to. Depending on the season, you might not get UVB at all. Altitude: UV radiation decreases with the distance it has to travel. So the higher you are in altitude, the closer you are to the sun and the more UV light you are exposed to. Weather conditions: The more cloudy it is, the less UV radiation gets through. Is sunlight good for me? How did we move from a place of worshiping the sun to being frightened by it? Part of it is from the billions of dollars made by different industries related to skin health. But a big part of it is due to something that often happens in research: Looking at the world through a straw. We look at one variable out of context instead of looking at the whole picture. An excellent example of this phenomenon is when coffee had been associated with lung cancer, only to find out later that it was the cigarettes people were smoking while drinking coffee that caused lung cancer. Does UV light cause blindness and cataracts? One primary study that created a lot of fear about UV light was done on monkeys at Virginia College in 1981. Researchers opened the eyelids of the monkeys with clamps and made it impossible for them to blink, a natural mechanism used to adjust our eyes to the intensity of brightness. Besides the physical abuse, they also shone a very high amount of bright light into their eyes, containing a much higher percentage of UV light than what we usually get from natural exposure to sunlight. High amounts of UV can be harmful, but trace amounts of it, similar to how it is present in sunlight, have tremendous benefits for our health, vitality, and energy levels. This returns to the dysfunctional pattern of looking at the world through a straw. Again, context is everything. Does UV light cause cancer? In mainstream media, UV light is demonized and linked to skin cancer, but the worst form of the disease, melanoma, is seen more often in people who do not receive regular sun exposure. It also tends to occur on body parts that do not receive sun exposure (like the groin or the axilla). Sunscreen use has been increasing, while for 95% of the population, time spent outside in the sun has been decreasing tremendously since the 1950s. So if the sun is to blame, how come skin cancer has been skyrocketing since we moved into an indoor lifestyle, living under artificial lights? If sunscreens and sunglasses are the solution, how come skin cancer rates are rising while more and more people are burying the sun from their lives, putting on sunglasses, and buying the sunscreen solution? Most cancer and autoimmune diseases rate increases the farther you move from the equator (thus, the less UV exposure you have year-round). This can be attributed to the positive impact sun exposure has on our immune system, in which UV light plays a significant role. According to research, insufficient sun exposure may be responsible for 820 000 deaths in the US and Europe each year. Thousands of peer-reviewed studies demonstrate the tremendous benefits of UV light. For some reason, the conventional medical system hasn't caught up to this research and bases its interventions on old studies that have been disproven. UV light has even been categorized as a potential carcinogen. This truly encapsulates the misunderstanding of how UV light within full-spectrum sunlight actually works. Saying that UV is creating cancer and thus should be avoided is the same as saying that water causes drowning, so we should avoid water at all costs. The full spectrum of natural sunlight is a delicate balance between UV, visible, and infrared light. All those different frequencies have benefits for our health. Problems arise when we isolate one of these frequencies (ex: UV light in a tanning salon) or when we get the wrong frequencies at the wrong time of the day (ex: blue light at night). What are the health benefits of UV light? Here is a quick review of the multiple benefits UV light has on our health: UV light and Cardiovascular Health & Stress Lowers blood pressure by increasing our endogenous production of nitric oxide (NO), a natural vasodilator. (this also has a positive impact on our sexual health) Increases the cardiac output by 35% (the heart becomes more robust and drives blood more easily into the body). UV light decreases the resting heart rate, calming your nervous system. Patients with severe asthma can breathe freely after treatment with UV light. UV light and Hormones UV light makes you lose weight. It stimulates the thyroid gland and increases metabolism and fat burning. Swiss sun therapists found that their clients started developing more muscles and less fat even though they had not exercised for months. UV light increases sex hormones (on average, 120% after exposure to UVA and UVB). UV light: Mood & Energy UV light makes your mitochondria more efficient, allowing them to produce more energy. Helps to transform amino acids like tryptophan into serotonin, our feel-good neurotransmitter, and tyrosine into dopamine, our motivation, and reward neurotransmitter. UV light: Immune system & Longevity UV helps control apoptosis, the normal process in your body responsible for getting rid of cancer and old/decaying cells. Did you know that the more sun exposure you have (which includes UV light), the lower your chances of all-cause mortality? And that even includes skin cancer! Most of us know that smoking isn't good for our health. According to research, a lack of sunlight (thus a lack of UV light) is as bad as smoking for your health! UV light is very effective in killing infectious pathogens. During the Spanish Flu of 1918, patients exposed to fresh air in the sun had a higher chance of survival and recovered faster. UV light is a very effective treatment for skin disease. Reports from the national psoriasis foundation show that 80% of skin disease patients improve when exposed to UV light. Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) describe a group of hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and skin cells. It is important for protecting the skin from UV rays since it stimulates the production of melanin, the pigment that allows you to tan and protects your skin against excess UV exposure (keep in mind that too much of a good thing can become a bad thing). MSH is activated by UV light. Interestingly, it is not activated when UV light strikes the skin. It is activated through the eyes! This is important because your ability to produce melanin becomes impaired when you wear sunglasses (or regular prescription glasses) since they block UV light. Your sunglasses makes you more susceptible to sunburn. UV light creates vitamin D. Vitamin D is a hormone that affects every one of your cells. It is vital for a healthy immune system, skin, strong bones, and optimal mental health! UV light plays a fundamental role in breaking down cholesterol and helping the body to maintain a healthy cholesterol level. When cholesterol is broken down by UV light, it allows us to make all the molecules derived from cholesterol, such as sex hormones and Vitamin D3. Yes, the sun is the best source of vitamin D. This is how we are meant to produce vitamin D, which acts as a hormone and is related to thousands of bodily functions. Simply put, Vitamin D is crucial to optimal health. The vitamin D supplements you buy from the store are very different from the vitamin D we make from sunlight. We make vitamin D when UVB from sunlight hits our skin. This instantly breaks down the cholesterol under the skin, producing vitamin D1. The D1 absorbs infrared light from sunlight and turns into cholecalciferol which then gets transferred to the liver and turns into vitamin D2 and then to the kidney to become vitamin D3 in its most bioavailable form, absorbed in the bloodstream and transferred to other parts of the body. So vitamin D supplements are far from optimal choices to achieve excellent health and cannot replace sunlight and UV light. One of the simplest and most efficient ways to get access to the power of UV light is to make sure that your eyes are exposed to this powerful nutrient. If you don't wear prescription glasses, go outside during the day without sunglasses. But if you wear prescription glasses, you need to check out our new UV transmitter lenses. Bocking all UV light during the day with prescription glasses or sunglasses messes with your circadian rhythm and can cause fatigue, depression, insomnia, and loss of productivity. While your regular prescription glasses are designed to filter out 100% of UVA and UVB, our lenses allow visible light and UV light through so that you can get what nature intended for us. They are designed to replace your regular prescription lenses to restore a more natural spectrum of light when you are outside and exposed to UV light. For billions of years, we have evolved under full-spectrum sunlight that is rich in different frequencies of light that work together to create a complete, whole, and full-spectrum light emission, that is, the source and the fuel of all life on earth. UV light provided by nature is a powerful ally to our health. Like superman, you need the sun's full spectrum to access your full potential!

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