Ultraviolet

Gongrats new master 🙏

Thanks for answering my question the other day, powerful insights!

Yep I agree it’s the only light meter app that comes close enough to being accurate. The NextLight Pro I am using has all white full spectrum diodes and that helps with accuracy.

Root Pressure: At night, when stomata are typically closed to minimize water loss, root pressure can still push water and dissolved nutrients upwards from the roots. This pressure is generated by the active transport of ions into the root cells, creating a lower water potential than in the surrounding soil. Water follows the ions by osmosis, increasing the pressure within the root xylem. This positive pressure can then force water and nutrients upwards, even without the pull of transpiration. In some cases, this root pressure can result in guttation, where water droplets are secreted from the leaves. 2. Foliar Uptake: Plants can also absorb nutrients through their leaves, especially at night when humidity is higher. When nutrients are present in aerosols or foliar sprays, they can be absorbed directly into the plant tissue. Some studies suggest that the availability of water-soluble nutrients on the leaf surface may even stimulate the opening of stomata at night to facilitate nutrient uptake. 3. Reduced Transpiration but Not Absence: While stomata are generally closed at night to minimize water loss, they may still open slightly, especially if the plant needs to absorb nutrients. This minimal transpiration, combined with root pressure and foliar uptake, can still allow for some nutrient uptake during the night. In summary, while transpiration is the main driver of nutrient uptake during the day, plants also have mechanisms for nutrient uptake at night, including root pressure and foliar absorption, even with reduced transpiration.

In plants, hydroxyl radicals (OH•) primarily form through the Fenton reaction, where a ferrous (Fe2+) iron ion reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce the hydroxyl radical and ferric iron. This reaction can be catalyzed by various enzymes, including peroxidases and NADPH oxidases, and facilitated by the presence of transition metals like iron. The hydroxyl radical is a highly reactive reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in crucial plant processes such as growth, development, and stress responses, though its formation and action must be tightly regulated to prevent cellular damage. Key components and processes: Transition metals: Iron (Fe2+/Fe3+) is a crucial catalyst in the Fenton reaction, facilitating the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2): A precursor molecule produced in plants, which undergoes reaction with the transition metal to form the hydroxyl radical. Fenton Reaction: The central chemical reaction in plants for generating hydroxyl radicals, involving the reaction of Fe2+ with H2O2. Enzymatic Catalysts: Enzymes such as peroxidases (e.g., cell wall-bound PODs) and NADPH oxidases can facilitate or directly participate in the production of hydroxyl radicals. Locations of formation: Hydroxyl radicals are formed in various locations within the plant, including: The plant cell wall, The plasma membrane, and Intracellularly. Why it matters: Cellular Regulation: Hydroxyl radicals act as potent signaling molecules in plant cells, involved in processes like seed germination, growth, and reproduction. Stress Response: They play a role in the plant's immune response and adaptation to environmental stresses. Cell Wall Loosening: Hydroxyl radical attack on cell wall components can lead to their breakdown, which is essential for processes like fruit ripening and cell wall loosening.

Hey thanks for all your help. It is a beautiful light but without the capacity to dim it properly I’m not sure how the flowers will develop stuck in the 300- 450 PPFD range. At 50 power the PPFD is too much 1000-1200 in the tent. Sucks.

wow! thanks for all the research😍 just needs to connect to the 3 pin inlet on the light itself

At night, plants primarily utilize active nutrient uptake mechanisms to absorb nutrients from the soil. This process is driven by the plant's metabolic energy and is less dependent on water uptake than daytime processes. While water uptake via osmosis may still occur, the main mechanism for nutrient absorption at night is an active transport system that moves ions against their concentration gradient, requiring energy from the plant.

Plants do use phosphorus at night. While nutrient uptake may be higher during the day due to increased photosynthesis and transpiration, studies show that a significant portion of nutrient uptake, including phosphorus, can occur during the night. In fact, some studies indicate that nighttime nutrient uptake can be as high as 51% of the total uptake, especially in the early hours of the night.

Phosphorus binds to several elements in the soil, making it less available for plant uptake, depending on the soil pH. At low pH levels (below 5.5), phosphorus binds to iron and aluminum. At high pH levels (above 7), it binds to calcium. The optimal pH range for phosphorus availability is between 6.0 and 7.0.

Phosphorus uptake by plants is affected by oxygen availability in the soil. While not directly requiring oxygen to be absorbed, phosphorus availability and root function, which are crucial for uptake, are influenced by soil aeration.

Root Respiration: Plants absorb phosphorus through their roots, and this process requires energy. Root respiration, which is the process of breaking down sugars for energy, is dependent on oxygen. Soil Aeration: Poorly aerated soil (low oxygen) can reduce root respiration, hindering the uptake of phosphorus. Phosphate Transport: The process of transporting phosphorus from the soil into the plant's roots also requires energy, which is generated through root respiration. Mineralization: Oxygen is necessary for the breakdown of organic matter, which can make naturally occurring phosphorus available for plant uptake. Compaction: Soil compaction reduces aeration, affecting root function and phosphorus uptake. Waterlogged Conditions: Excessive moisture can reduce oxygen levels in the soil, impacting root respiration and phosphorus absorption.

Hello chemistry expert, 🌞 could you perhaps tell me whether our favorite plant can absorb calcium and magnesium from milk? I know that seeds are soaked in milk for a few hours, for example with tomatoes, and now I was wondering whether you could just use milk instead of Calmag from any manufacturer. Of course, soaking seeds is not about absorbing calcium or magnesium, but about resistance to external influences and diseases. Does this also work with cannabis seeds, or is it a placebo effect, so to speak? I don't know of a better place to get an answer to this questions. Peace out🍀

Storing carbon as unprocessed starch is not more efficient than processing it into ATP for immediate cellular use, because ATP is the energy currency for cellular functions, while starch is for long-term energy and carbon storage. ATP is inherently unstable and rapidly used, whereas starch is a stable, insoluble molecule that can be broken down later for energy. Therefore, plants convert excess carbon into starch to store it, then convert it back to sugars and ATP when energy is needed.

How far you should mainline up to depends on your light penetration, and if you side supplement, without getting into too many details, you have at most 2-3 layers of leaf before the red and blue parts of the spectral composition are completely absorbed, after which buds will become larf from too much green and not enough R&B. Even a leaf with low photosynthetic efficiency can still perform efficient cellular respiration. Leaves have specialized structures, like stomata, that allow for efficient gas movement regardless of the leaf's photosynthetic capacity. In plants, fan leaves are crucial for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, the processes that provide the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) needed for growth and other cellular functions. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts produces ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars. These sugars are then broken down through cellular respiration in mitochondria, generating more ATP, along with carbon dioxide and water. This ATP fuels various cellular activities, including protein synthesis, transport, and other metabolic processes. You can live weeks without food. Days without water. Minutes without oxygen. 16 seconds without ATP. I always enjoy stating that because prior to me reading it, I had no idea what it even was, yet it is top of the food chain for everything. In its purest form, it is the currency of life. Energy. ATP comes before nutrients, before oxygen, and before carbon. While all are essential, ATP is arguably the most fundamental for plant growth as it acts as the primary energy currency for cellular processes. Nutrients, oxygen, and carbon are all necessary for photosynthesis and other metabolic processes, but they require ATP for the energy to be converted into usable forms, like sugars for growth. In essence, ATP is the energy that drives the entire process.

Have you ever thought about writing a book? It could become a classic like Ed Rosenthal's. No kidding!

The Role of Hydrogen Ions in Photosynthesis ATP production: The splitting of water releases electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions into the thylakoid lumen. These H+ ions accumulate in the lumen, creating a high concentration. Chemiosmosis: The H+ ions then flow back out into the stroma through a protein channel called ATP synthase. This flow of protons drives the synthesis of ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell. NADPH formation: The electrons released from the water also help reduce NADP+ to NADPH, with the help of hydrogen ions. NADPH carries high-energy electrons and hydrogen atoms to the Calvin cycle. Key Processes Photolysis: This is the term for the splitting of water molecules by light energy during the light-dependent reactions. Thylakoid lumen: The internal space within the chloroplast where the initial splitting of water occurs and where H+ ions build up. Calvin cycle: The subsequent light-independent reaction where the ATP and NADPH, produced using the H+ ions, are used to convert carbon dioxide into sugar.

The difference between a hydroxyl radical (·OH) and an H+ ion (proton) lies in their composition and charge: H+ is a lone proton with a +1 charge, while the hydroxyl radical is a neutral, unpaired electron spin of an OH molecule that is highly reactive. H+ ions are fundamental to pH and acid-base chemistry, whereas the hydroxyl radical is a powerful oxidizing agent that damages cellular components. H+ ion (Proton) Composition: A hydrogen atom that has lost its single electron, leaving only the proton. Charge: Positively charged (+1). Role: A key component in determining the acidity of a solution. In water, H+ ions associate with water molecules to form hydronium ions (H3O+). Reactivity: While reactive, it is much less so than a hydroxyl radical and is critical for many biological processes. Hydroxyl Radical (·OH) Composition: An oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom with an unpaired electron. Charge: Electrically neutral (has a balanced number of protons and electrons). Role: An extremely reactive free radical. Reactivity: Its unpaired electron makes it highly unstable and very reactive, particularly as an oxidizing agent. It attacks cellular components like DNA by abstracting hydrogen atoms. Key Differences Summarized Charge: H+ is a charged ion; the hydroxyl radical is a neutral species. Structure: H+ is a single proton; the hydroxyl radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron. Reactivity: H+ is reactive but stable in comparison; the hydroxyl radical is one of the most reactive known species, highly destructive in biological systems.

Need to understand nitrogen in its different forms and how different forms of nitrogen decay very differently during the dry. Depending on what type of nitrogen you use will determine how well it oxidizes into gas. Thing about nitrates is it doesn't oxidize into the air so unless you purposely trigger nutrient recycling (flush) to force the plant into senescence and dump the nitrate into the soil/stems then the plant has no way of getting rid of nitrates left in the plant come harvest. Understanding this and how to deal with the majority of nitrogen is key. All nitrates gone with 10% ammoniacal at most. Most of that will burn off oxidizing during dry. KEYWORD: Oxidize. Carbon based sugars, like sucrose, glucose, do oxidize in soil through a process primarily driven by microorganisms, which break down these sugars for energy. This oxidation converts the sugars into carbon dioxide (CO2) through cellular respiration, a key part of the soil carbon cycle, though some carbon may also be incorporated into soil organic matter. The rate and extent of sugar oxidation depend on factors like oxygen availability, the presence of Fe oxides, and soil redox conditions, which can all influence the process. Cellular respiration is the fundamental process all plant cells use to convert stored sugar into usable energy (ATP) through a series of reactions. Root respiration is not a separate process but rather a specific application of cellular respiration occurring in root cells, which is essential for the plant's absorption of water and nutrients, thereby indirectly contributing to overall growth. Therefore, all root respiration is cellular respiration, but not all cellular respiration is root respiration. Balance.

pH Effects of Nitrogen Uptake Ammonium (NO4) Uptake and pH When plants absorb ammonium, they release hydrogen ions (H+) into the media. This increases the acidity of the media over time, decreasing the pH. Nitrate (NO3) Uptake and pH Plants take up nitrate by releasing hydroxide ions (OH–). These ions combine with hydrogen ions to form water. The reduction in hydrogen ions eventually reduces the media acidity increasing the pH. Nitrate (NO3) Absorption Variations Sometimes, plants absorb nitrate differently, either by taking in hydrogen ions or releasing bicarbonate. Like hydroxide ions, bicarbonate reacts with hydrogen ions and indirectly raises the media pH. Understanding these processes helps in choosing the appropriate fertilizer to manage media pH. Depending on the nutrients present, the media’s acidity or alkalinity can be adjusted to optimize plant growth. Risks of Ammoniacal Nitrogen Plants can only absorb a certain amount of nitrogen at a time. However, they have the ability to store excess nitrogen for later use if needed. Nitrate (NO3) vs. Ammonium (NH4) Plants can safely store nitrate, but too much ammonium can harm cells. Thankfully, bacteria in the media convert urea and ammonium to nitrate, reducing the risk of ammonium buildup. Factors Affecting Ammonium (NH4) Levels Certain conditions like low temperatures, waterlogged media, and low pH can prevent bacteria from converting ammonium. This can lead to toxic levels of ammonium in the media, causing damage to plant cells. Symptoms of Ammonium (NH4) Toxicity Upward or downward curling of lower leaves depending on plant species; and yellowing between the veins of older leaves which can progress to cell death. Preventing Ammonium (NH4) Toxicity When it comes to nitrogen breakdown of a nutrient solution, it’s crucial not to exceed 30% of the total nitrogen as ammoniacal nitrogen. Higher levels can lead to toxicity, severe damage, and even plant death. Ideal Nitrogen Ratio for Cannabis Best Nitrogen (NO3) Ratio Research shows that medical cannabis plants respond best to nitrogen supplied in the form of nitrate (NO3). This helps them produce more flowers and maintain healthy levels of secondary compounds. Safe Ammonium (NH4) Levels While high levels of ammonium (NH4) can be harmful to cannabis plants, moderate levels (around 10-30% of the total nitrogen) are are considered most suitable. This level helps prevent leaf burn and pH changes in the media.