"Sol" C#11

RAW GROW is a tested blend of all 12 RAW Soluble plant nutrients, essential elements and supplements. This blend has been proven to be an optimal all-in-one base “Grow” horticultural fertilizer. RAW GROW is used through out the entire vegetative stage. Derived from: Plant protein hydrolysate, mono potassium phosphate, potassium sulfate, cane molasses, sodium borate, copper sulfate, iron DTPA, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate and azomite. Also contains non-plant food ingredients: Humic acids derived from leonardite and peat, kelp (ascophyllum nodosum), silicon dioxide derived from diatomite and yucca extract. When you overlap a copper wire to attract ions, it is called ion exchange. Copper wire is often used as a material for ion exchange because it has a high affinity for positively charged ions, such as copper, zinc, and nickel. When copper wire is overlapped or wound into a coil, it creates a surface area that attracts ions and allows them to bind to the wire or gather within the space. This process is used in various applications, such as electroplating, water treatment, chemical separation processes and cultivation. Electrolysis is a chemical process that involves passing an electric current through a liquid or solution containing ions. This process causes the ions to migrate towards the electrodes, where they undergo a chemical reaction. In the context of plant growth, electrolysis is used to increase the availability of your nutrient-rich solution that can be used to feed plants. Electrolysis and nutrient rich reservoirs work well together since your cannabis nutrients are salt based. The process involves passing an electric current through a solution of water and plant nutrients, which causes the water molecules to break down into their constituent parts, hydrogen, and oxygen. The hydrogen ions (H+) then combine with the nutrients in the solution to form a nutrient-rich substance that can be absorbed by the plant roots easier. This will only work in a nutrient rich solution as it requires the salt-based nutrients to engage. This process, known as hydrolysis, provides the plant with a continuous supply of nutrients and oxygen, which can help to increase plant growth and improve yields. By providing the plant with a more efficient method of absorbing nutrients, electrolysis can help to increase the uptake of essential elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Additionally, electrolysis can help to maintain the pH balance of the growing medium, which is essential for optimal plant growth. One of the key advantages of using electrolysis to increase plant growth is that it allows for greater control over the growing system. This is exactly why this is generally a technique reserved for advanced hydroponics growers. By adjusting the voltage and current levels, cultivators can custom control the nutrient concentration and pH level of the solution, ensuring that the plant receives the optimal amount of nutrients sitting perfectly on potential hydrogen spectrum. Carotenoids absorb light in the blue-green range of the visible spectrum, complementing chlorophyll's absorption in the red range. Carotenoids protect photosynthetic machinery from excess light. They deactivate singlet oxygen, which is a harmful oxidant formed during photosynthesis. Carotenoids quench triplet chlorophyll, which can be harmful to photosynthesis. Carotenoids scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cell membranes and proteins. Carotenoid derivatives signal plant development and responses to environmental cues. Carotenoids provide precursors for the biosynthesis of phytohormones like abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs). Carotenoids are pigments that give fruits and vegetables their orange, red, and yellow colors. They also act as free radical scavengers to protect plants during photosynthesis. Beta-carotene is the most common provitamin A carotenoid. It's found in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes, and mangos. Other carotenoids include lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. These carotenoids have antioxidant and photoprotective properties. In plants, Vitamin A is found as carotenoids, which are pigments that give plants their color. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin B plays a vital role in plant growth and development. It acts as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions, which are the basis for plant growth and maintenance. Vitamin B helps plants metabolize nutrients, which are essential for growth and development. Vitamin B helps plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress. Vitamin B can help plants grow new roots, which can reduce transplant shock. Vitamin B can help plants grow shoots, especially slow-growing plants. Vitamin B1 Also known as thiamine diphosphate, vitamin B1 is a key component of metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Vitamin B3 Also known as nicotinamide or niacin, vitamin B3 is a biostimulant that can improve plant growth and yield. Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 acts as an antioxidant and cofactor, and is involved in plant stress responses. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a vital nutrient for plants that helps with growth and protects them from excess light. Vitamin C acts as a redox buffer, which is important for regulating photosynthesis. Vitamin C helps enzymes that regulate photosynthesis, hormone production, and regenerating antioxidants. Vitamin C is a coenzyme in the xanthophyll cycle, which converts excess energy into heat. This process helps plants protect themselves from too much light. seedlings to young plants can feed on 200-400 PPM, Teenage plants that have a maturing root zone can feed on 350-550 PPM and adults will feed 600-1000 PPM. The more you feed plants and watch them grow you'll get a feel for how much to give them. Less is more when trying to grasp this. High level of CEC in organic soil so I'm watering 5-gallon

Maybe I'll get my first 13-finger leaf. I've had 11 a few times, but I haven't seen a 13 yet. One day. VPD is meant for optimal growth. Like growing big quickly. In the end of flowering you don't want growth. Just ripening. Lower humidity for a safe finish. For more accurate results, consider using the leaf temperature instead of the air temperature, as the VPD is essentially the difference between the water vapor pressure at the leaf surface and the air. Lst will always be a few degree below ambient. Atlantis nutrient = Atlantis-Indoor-Ultimate-Minerals-Vitamins. Homebrew = Vitamins Vitamin A (retinol, retinoic acid): The body converts provitamin A carotenoids (orange/yellow pigments like chlorophyll), like beta-carotene, into vitamin A (retinol). B1 (thiamin): B2 (riboflavin): B3 (niacin): B5 (pantothenic acid): B6 (pyridoxine): B7 (biotin): B9 (folate): B12 (cobalamin): C (ascorbic acid) For the 6 hours of the night, there is full UVB 24/7 exposure for shits and giggles, although none of the 280nm reaching plant is Photosynthetically Active Radiation, I have been meaning to test this out for a while, UVA I tried last grow was still drifting Into PAR at 365nm on the tail end keeping light above levels of the moonlight. 0.1ppfd This time I try 280nm. *Not currently disrupting the plant's ability to detect the night cycle shift, with UVB left on at night, the plant is reacting to how I'd see it in complete darkness whereas the UVA last grow was clearly preventing plants from initiating the relaxed state I'd expect about 30 min before lights out, as if heliotropism was making them direct/dance towards each uva light individually making them look as if they were dancing in circles all night, figuring how close uva is to blue I'm not surprised. Cryptochromes are blue & ultraviolet-A photoreceptors. UVR8 is for UVB alone, UVR8 activates 10x more between 280nm-290nm, than 290nm-300nm. Stomata Opening As VPD increases, stomata get smaller. CO2 uptake As VPD increases and stomata get smaller, CO2 uptake gets reduced. As VPD increases, the plant transpires (evaporates from leaves) faster due to the larger difference in vapor pressures between the leaf and the air. As VPD increases, and transpiration increases, the roots pull in more nutrients. The plant is like one connected system of plumbing. As VPD increases, there are more forces acting on the plant – from the leaves to the roots – and the plant experiences more stress. Transpiration is the process by which plants release water into the atmosphere through their leaves. It's a passive process that cools plants and is a major part of the water cycle. Plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil through their roots , the water is transported through the plant's tissues to the leaves water evaporates from the leaves through tiny pores called stomata. Transpiration removes heat from the air and cools the plant, transpiration returns water to the atmosphere, which is a major part of the water cycle. The water that enters the roots contains nutrients that are vital for plant growth. Factors that affect transpiration Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the rate of transpiration Light intensity: Higher light intensity increases the rate of transpiration Wind speed: Higher wind speeds increase the rate of transpiration Humidity: Higher humidity decreases the rate of transpiration Carbon dioxide levels: Higher carbon dioxide levels decrease the rate of transpiration Evapotranspiration: The sum of transpiration and evaporation Stomatal transpiration: One of the three main types of transpiration Guttation is a process that occurs when plants take in too much water from the soil and can't evaporate it through their stomata. This causes water pressure to force sap out of the leaf's edges or tip, making it look like the leaf is wearing a tiara. Perspiration is the process of releasing sweat from sweat glands in the skin. It's also known as sweating. Plants "sweat" through a process called transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from plant leaves, cooling the plant and the surrounding air. Respiration is the process of metabolizing sugars to produce energy, while transpiration is the process of releasing water vapor. Both processes occur in plants and involve the exchange of gases with the environment. Plants use respiration to create energy for growth, reproduction, and other life processes. During respiration, plants use oxygen and stored sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. Plants respire through all parts of their body, including their roots, stems, and leaves. Transpiration is the process of releasing water vapor through the stomata of leaves. Transpiration helps dissipate the heat produced by plants through metabolic processes like photosynthesis and respiration. Transpiration adds water to the atmosphere. When cannabis is drying, the water is considered to evaporate rather than transpire, because once harvested, the plant no longer has the active root system needed for the process of transpiration (water movement through the plant) to occur; instead, the remaining moisture simply evaporates from the plant's surface into the surrounding air.

0.23v tuned to 7.83Hz Plants exposed to the Schumann resonance often show greater resistance to stress factors such as drought, diseases, and pests. It is possible that these natural electromagnetic waves strengthen plants' immune systems and increase their ability to resist disease. Pretty neat, in the afternoon when the tent hovers around 84F the plants are 🙏, can visually see in time around 10 minutes after I opened the tent the temp had dropped to 76 pressure was lost, she is still chilling but she doesn't quite have that perk anymore. *Salinity3.5% - 100ml H2O=100g The concentration of salt in a solution 3.5%= 3.5g in 100ml. Growing well. Not going to top or do any training, I'll let the plant do its own thing, she is constructing foundations now for what she senses ahead. Smart girl. ✨️ I'm just the hvac guy. The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential. The word "lysis" means to separate or break, so in terms, electrolysis would mean "breakdown via electricity. Green hydrogen is hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water, using renewable electricity. The production of green hydrogen causes significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than the production of grey hydrogen, which is derived from fossil fuels without carbon capture. Electrolysis of pure water requires excess energy in the form of overpotential to overcome various activation barriers. Without the excess energy, electrolysis occurs slowly or not at all. This is in part due to the limited self-ionization of water. Pure water has an electrical conductivity of about one hundred thousandths that of seawater. Efficiency is increased through the addition of an electrolyte (such as a salt, acid or base). Photoelectrolysis of water, also known as photoelectrochemical water splitting, occurs in a photoelectrochemical cell when light is used as the energy source for the electrolysis of water, producing dihydrogen . Photoelectrolysis is sometimes known colloquially as the hydrogen holy grail for its potential to yield a viable alternative to petroleum as a source of energy. The PEC cell primarily consists of three components: the photoelectrode the electrolyte and a counter electrode. The semiconductor crucial to this process, absorbs sunlight, initiating electron excitation and subsequent water molecule splitting into hydrogen and oxygen. Water electrolysis requires a minimum potential difference of 1.23 volts, although at that voltage external heat is also required. Typically 1.5 volts is required. Biochar, a by-product of biomass pyrolysis, is typically characterized by high carbon content, aromaticity, porosity, cation exchange capacity, stability, and reactivity. The coupling of biochar oxidation reaction (BOR) with water electrolysis constitutes biochar-assisted water electrolysis (BAWE) for hydrogen production, which has been demonstrated to reduce the electricity consumption of conventional water electrolysis from 1.23v to 0.21v. Biochar particles added to the electrolyte form a two-phase solution, in which the biochar oxidation reaction (BOR) has a lower potential (0.21 V vs. RHE) than OER (1.23 V vs. RHE), reducing the energy consumption for hydrogen production via biochar-assisted water electrolysis (BAWE). BAWE produces H2 under 1 V while eliminating O2 formation: key word "eliminating". Air with a normal oxygen concentration of around 21% is not considered explosive on its own; however, if a flammable gas or vapor is present, increasing the oxygen percentage above 23.5% can significantly increase the risk of ignition and explosion due to the enriched oxygen environment. The addition of ion mediators (Fe3+/Fe2+) significantly increases BOR kinetics. Air: Nitrogen -- N2 -- 78.084% Carbon Dioxide -- CO2 -- 0.04% Hydrogen in homosphere H -- 0.00005% Hydrogen "GAS" H2 in homosphere - 0% "Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are the three main components of Earth's atmosphere. Water concentration varies but averages around 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. Carbon dioxide and all of the other elements and compounds are trace gases. Trace gases include the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Except for argon, other noble gases are trace elements (these include neon, helium, krypton, and xenon). Industrial pollutants include chlorine and its compounds, fluorine and its compounds, elemental mercury vapor, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Other components of Earth's atmosphere include spores, pollen, volcanic ash, and salt from sea spray." Although the CRC table does not list water vapor (H2O), air can contain as much as 5% water vapor, more commonly ranging from 1-3%. The 1-5% range places water vapor as the third most common gas (which alters the other percentages accordingly). Water content varies according to air temperature. Dry air is denser than humid air. However, sometimes humid air contains actual water droplets, which can make it more dense than humid air that only contains water vapor. The homosphere(where you live) is the portion of the atmosphere with a fairly uniform composition due to atmospheric turbulence. In contrast, the heterosphere is the part of the atmosphere where chemical composition varies mainly according to altitude. The lower portion of the heterosphere contains oxygen and nitrogen, but these heavier elements do not occur higher up. The upper heterosphere consists almost entirely of hydrogen, cool. 78%nitrogen as N2, a far too stable bond to be used by organisms. 20%oxygen 0.04%co2 0.00005% hydrogen When lightning strikes, it tears apart the bond in airborne nitrogen molecules. Those free nitrogen atoms N2 nitrites then have the chance to combine with oxygen molecules to form a compound called nitrates N3. Once formed, the nitrates are carried down to the ground becoming usable by organisms. Will it react with the oxygen in the air spontaneously, the answer is no. The mixture is chemically stable indefinitely. A mixture with air near the release point can be ignited, but if this does not happen then when its concentration gets below 4% it will be unable to carry a flame. Taking a small detour into chemistry here, a key concept to understanding the health impact of nitrogen-based compounds is knowing the difference between nitrates and nitrites. What Are Nitrates and Nitrites? A nitrate (NO3) is a nitrogen atom bonded to three oxygen atoms. A nitrite (NO2) is a nitrogen atom bonded to only two nitrogen atoms. There’s a big difference between Hydrogen gas and naturally-released Hydrogen atoms. Because “science” conducted experiments within labs it is the commonly held notion Hydrogen is H² within the atmosphere. Hydrogen gas itself turns liquid when compressed H², and when pressure conditions change the hydrogen converts back to a gas H at the speed of light, this abrupt almost instantaneous expansion is what gives hydrogen gas its bad rap. Even trying to get CO2 to 4% would need a concentration of 40,000ppm, Co2 is 0.04%, and 0.00005% is hydrogen. Good luck getting that to 4%.

Noticable stalling of vertical growth around 5-600ppfd at 18 hours, apicial dominance not broken but side stems shooting up to around same ppfd range then slows to stay just under apex. Amended soil with biochar charged to ratio of 88:11:1 Ca:Mg:K. It is commonly said that an ideal soil is 50% pore space (water + air), 5 % organic matter, and 45% minerals. The ideal mixture for plant growth is called a loam and has roughly 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of how many positively charged ions, or cations, a soil can hold and exchange. CEC is a reflection of a soil's fertility and ability to supply nutrients to plants. Negative charges Soil particles have negative charges, which attract positively charged cations. Exchange Cations are not tightly held to the soil particles, so they can be exchanged with other cations in the soil water. Plant uptake Plant roots remove cations from the soil solution, which are then replaced by cations from the soil particles. Factors that affect CEC Clay and organic matter Clay and organic matter particles in soil have negative charges, which attract and hold cations. Organic matter has more exchange sites than clay. pH As soil pH increases, the number of negatively charged sites on colloids increases, which allows the soil to hold more cations. How CEC is measured  CEC is measured in millequivalents per 100 grams of soil ((meq/100g)). A meq is the number of ions that total a specific quantity of electrical charges. CEC is important for understanding how to irrigate different soils. Soils with low CEC need frequent, short irrigation, while soils with high CEC need less frequent, longer irrigation. Organic matter has a very high CEC ranging from 250 to 400 meq/100 g (Moore 1998). Because a higher CEC usually indicates more clay and organic matter is present in the soil, high CEC soils generally have greater water holding capacity than low CEC soils. https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ay/ay-238.html Percent base saturation (BS) is the percentage of the CEC occupied by the basic cations Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+. Basic cations are distinguished from the acid cations H+ and Al3+. At an approximate soil pH 5.4 or less, Al3+ is present in a significantly high concentration that hinders growth of most plant species, and the lower the soil pH, the greater the amount of toxic Al3+. Therefore, soils with a high percent base saturation are generally more fertile because: 1 They have little or no acid cation Al3+ that is toxic to plant growth. 2 Soils with high percent base saturation have a higher pH; therefore, they are more buffered against acid cations from plant roots and soil processes that acidify the soil (nitrification, acid rain, etc.). 3 They contain greater amounts of the essential plant nutrient cations K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ for use by plants. The percentage base saturation is expressed as follows: %BS = [(Ca2+ + Mg2+ + K+)/CEC] × 100 Depending on soil pH, the soil's base saturation may be a fraction of CEC or approximately equal to CEC. In general, if the soil pH is below 7, the base saturation is less than CEC. At pH 7 or higher, soil clay mineral and organic matter surfaces are occupied by basic cations, and thus, base saturation is equal to CEC. Figure 2 illustrates the relative amount of cations retained on soil surfaces at various soil pH levels. A soil's CEC affects fertilization and liming practices. For example, soils with high CEC retain more nutrients than low-CEC soils. With large quantities of fertilizers applied in a single application to sandy soils with low CEC, loss of nutrients is more likely to occur via leaching. In contrast, these nutrients are much less susceptible to losses in clay soils. Crop production releases acidity into soil. Soil pH will decrease more due to crop production on low CEC soils. High CEC soils are generally well buffered such that pH changes much less from crop production. Therefore, sandy soils low in CEC need to be limed more frequently but at lower rates of application than clay soils. Higher lime rates are needed to reach an optimum pH on high CEC soils due to their greater abundance of acidic cations at a given pH. The average CEC of coco coir is between 40-100 (meq/100g)  Organic matter has a very high CEC ranging from 250 to 400 meq/100 g Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a critical soil property that directly influences nutrient availability and plant growth. The determination of CEC can be achieved through direct measurement or by summation methods, with the latter encompassing techniques such as the Mehlich-3 (M3) and ammonium acetate (AA) extractions (1). Direct measurement of CEC involves the displacement of exchangeable cations on soil particles with a solution containing a known concentration of an index cation, typically ammonium (NH4+), and subsequent quantification of the NH4+ adsorbed. This method offers precise results but requires specialized laboratory equipment and is time-consuming (2). In contrast, summation methods involve the extraction of cations from soils with specific reagents, with the extracted cations subsequently quantified. The M3 extraction uses a mixture of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) and nitric acid (HNO3) to release exchangeable cations, while AA is utilized to displace cations (3). Summation methods are quicker and more convenient for routine soil analysis but may overestimate CEC as they also extract non-exchangeable cations from the soil (3). Therefore, the choice between direct measurement and summation methods for CEC determination depends on the research objectives and available resources. Direct measurement is preferable when high accuracy is required, whereas summation methods like M3 and ammonium acetate extractions are suitable for rapid assessment of CEC in routine soil analyses. Moreover, determining CEC is valuable for understanding the relationship between key cations (K, Ca, and Mg) in soil and their impact on plant uptake and development. Overall, using practical soil nutrient extraction and summation methods for CEC determination offers benefits such as cost-efficiency, accessibility, speed, ease of implementation, versatility, and the ability to assess predictive accuracy compared to more complex techniques like the direct measurement method (4). Furthermore, CEC via summation represents the soil’s capacity to hold and exchange cations and helps assess nutrient availability, cation competition, and potential imbalances in these essential nutrients. Notwithstanding, the assumption that increasing soil CEC is always beneficial requires nuanced consideration. Particularly in the context of tropical soils, where H+Al (hydrogen and aluminum) constitutes a significant portion of the soil CEC, a sole focus on increasing CEC might not be advantageous if the nutrient balance is skewed towards detrimental elements like Al (5–7). Moreover, a global perspective underscores the fact that excessively high CEC does not necessarily guarantee optimal soil fertility (8). High CEC soils may indicate a propensity for nutrient imbalances, where certain nutrients may be overly abundant or deficient. For instance, soils with high CEC might accumulate an excess of cations such as sodium (Na), particularly in regions already high in Na or where excessive Na addition occurs (9). This surplus could potentially lead to soil sodicity and create unfavorable physical conditions for plant growth. Calcium, Mg, and K are essential cations that interact on soil exchange sites, influencing soil structure, fertility, and plant nutrition. The soil CEC, determined by clay and organic matter composition, serves as the battleground for these competitive interactions. Calcium, due to its smaller hydrated radius relative to Mg, tends to dominate exchange sites, forming robust bonds with negatively charged sites on clay and organic matter (10). This dominance influences soil structure and can limit the availability of other cations. Magnesium, an essential nutrient for plants, competes with Ca for exchange sites, resulting in calcium-magnesium interaction (11). Potassium, another critical plant nutrient, also competes for exchange sites with Ca and Mg (12), with Ca and Mg being preferentially adsorbed (13, 14). The intricate interplay of these cations on exchange sites has implications for nutrient uptake by plants, potentially leading to imbalances and affecting overall soil fertility. Imbalances in cation ratios may result in nutrient deficiencies, emphasizing the importance of understanding these competitive interactions for sustainable soil management and agricultural practices. In addition to the intricate cation interactions, the incorporation of biochar into soils has emerged as a noteworthy factor influencing soil CEC. The porous structure and high surface area of biochar provide abundant binding sites for cations (15), contributing to increased CEC. This augmentation in CEC not only affects the retention and availability of essential nutrients but also influences the competitive dynamics among cations. Furthermore, the introduction of biochar can alter the soil’s physicochemical properties, influencing its overall fertility and promoting sustainable agricultural practices (16). As a result, understanding the interplay between traditional cations, such as Ca, Mg, and K, and the transformative impact of biochar on CEC is crucial for developing holistic strategies to optimize soil health and fertility. This study aimed to investigate the influence of biochar on soil CEC. Our specific objectives were: 1. Investigate the influence of switchgrass-derived biochar (SGB) and poultry litter-derived biochar (PLB) on soil CEC through experiments without and with ryegrass cultivation, assessing five biochar application rates. 2. Evaluate the role of soil extractable calcium and magnesium/potassium ratio ([Ca+Mg]/K) concerning soil CEC for plant growth, aiming to establish optimal ryegrass production thresholds. 3. Develop predictive models for post-biochar application on soil CEC changes. This comprehensive verification process ensures at which level biochar effectively enhances soil nutrient availability (while simultaneously binding and immobilizing contaminants as demonstrated in a previous study by 17). We hypothesized that (i) biochar application will alter soil CEC, (ii) the properties of the biochar, such as ash content, will play a critical role in influencing soil CEC dynamics, (iii) the calcium and magnesium/potassium ratio ([Ca+Mg]/K) will be of greater importance than CEC alone for ryegrass growth in biochar-amended soils, and (iv) predictive models for soil CEC changes post-biochar application can be developed relying on initial soil and biochar CEC. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/soil-science/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1371777/full Aluminium(3+) is an aluminium cation that has a charge of +3. It is an aluminium cation, a monoatomic trication and a monoatomic aluminium. When considering the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of biochar and the ratio of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K), a typical ideal ratio is often cited as Ca:Mg:K = 88:11:1; meaning that for optimal plant growth, the majority of the exchangeable cations on the biochar should be calcium, with smaller proportions of magnesium and potassium respectively. Key points about CEC and biochar Ca:Mg:K ratio: This ratio is significant because it affects nutrient availability for plants, with calcium playing a crucial role in cell wall structure and magnesium being important for chlorophyll synthesis, while potassium is involved in enzyme activation. Impact of biochar type: The exact optimal ratio can vary depending on the type of feedstock used to produce the biochar, as different biomass sources will have varying mineral compositions. Soil analysis is key: To determine the best Ca:Mg:K ratio for your specific soil, it's important to conduct a soil test to analyze the existing cation balance. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652624009028

Tweak, tweak, tweak, getting her set up for the switch. Double net this time. Going to oversaturate with red wavelengths. I dropped her to 12 hours and upped the ppfd accordingly. Red light wavelengths between 600–700 nanometers (nm) encourage budding and flowering. Red light affects hormones like auxins, which control how plants stretch and develop flowers.Red light interacts with phytochromes to affect plant morphology. Phytochromes also play a role in shade avoidance and sensing changes in the local light environment and time of year. The aim is to replicate nature, UVA peak + predominantly reds at sunrise UVB peaks at noon UVA peak + predominantly far-reds at sunset Also has a light coating of 850nm&940nm IR, 45% of the sunlight that reaches the surface of the earth is IR, Infrared (IR) light primarily provides heat to plants, which can be beneficial for growth within a certain range, but too much IR can cause stress, damage, and even kill plants due to excessive heat, disrupting their normal photosynthetic processes; while plants don't directly use IR for photosynthesis, it can influence aspects like flowering and leaf expansion when present in appropriate amounts. Particularly in the far-red wavelengths, can trigger the shade avoidance response, where plants sense a lack of direct light and accelerate stem growth to reach for better light conditions. This is especially useful in indoor environments where light conditions are carefully managed. Increasing this light can affect the growth speed of plants' stems. A short exposure to infrared increases the space between nodes. However too much infrared may actually damage plants. Because infrared is a kind of light that can emit a great deal of heat. While the spectral composition of sunlight at both sunrise and sunset is essentially the same, the key difference lies in the increased scattering of shorter wavelengths like blue and violet light during these times due to the longer path the sunlight takes through the atmosphere, resulting in a more pronounced red and orange color at the horizon, as these longer wavelengths are scattered less and reach our eyes more readily. A sunset generally has more far-red light than a sunrise because the sunlight travels through a longer path through the atmosphere at sunset, causing more blue light to scatter and leaving a greater proportion of red and far-red wavelengths visible to the eye. The Pr/Pfr ratio is the ratio of phytochrome Pr to phytochrome Pfr in a plant. The ratio changes throughout the day and night, and it affects how the plant grows and flowers. How the ratio changes Daytime: Red light converts Pr to Pfr, so the ratio is low. Nighttime: Far-red light converts Pfr to Pr, so the ratio is high. Seasons: The ratio changes with the seasons because of the length of the days and the position of the sun. How does the ratio affect the plant? Photomorphogenesis: The ratio triggers photomorphogenesis, which is when a seed transforms into a sprout. Flowering: The ratio affects whether short-day or long-day plants flower. Growth: The ratio affects how much a plant grows. For example, a lower ratio of red to far-red light can improve a plant's growth under salinity conditions. How do plants sense the ratio? Plants use pigments to sense the ratio of red to far-red light. Using the phytochrome system to measure the ratio at dawn and dusk. The phytochrome system helps plants adjust their growth according to the seasons. Ratio. In controlled environment agriculture, customized light treatments using light-emitting diodes are crucial to improving crop yield and quality. Red (R; 600-700 nm) and blue light (B; 400-500 nm) are two major parts of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), often preferred in crop production. Far-red radiation (FR; 700-800 nm), although not part of PAR, can also affect photosynthesis and can have profound effects on a range of morphological and physiological processes. However, interactions between different red and blue light ratios (R:B) and FR on promoting yield and nutritionally relevant compounds in crops remain unknown. Here, lettuce was grown at 200 µmol m-2 s-1 PAR under three different R:B ratios: R:B87.5:12.5 (12.5% blue), R:B75:25 (25% blue), and R:B60:40 (40% blue) without FR. Each treatment was also performed with supplementary FR (50 µmol m-2 s-1; R:B87.5:12.5+FR, R:B75:25+FR, and R:B60:40+FR). White light with and without FR (W and W+FR) were used as control treatments comprising of 72.5% red, 19% green, and 8.5% blue light. Decreasing the R:B ratio from R:B87.5:12.5 to R:B60:40, there was a decrease in fresh weight (20%) and carbohydrate concentration (48% reduction in both sugars and starch), whereas pigment concentrations (anthocyanins, chlorophyll, and carotenoids), phenolic compounds, and various minerals all increased. These results contrasted the effects of FR supplementation in the growth spectra; when supplementing FR to different R:B backgrounds, we found a significant increase in plant fresh weight, dry weight, total soluble sugars, and starch. Additionally, FR decreased concentrations of anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and various minerals. Although blue light and FR effects appear to directly contrast, blue and FR light did not have interactive effects together when considering plant growth, morphology, and nutritional content. Therefore, the individual benefits of increased blue light fraction and supplementary FR radiation can be combined and used cooperatively to produce crops of desired quality: adding FR increases growth and carbohydrate concentration while increasing the blue fraction increases nutritional value. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2024.1383100/full Here are a few examples of good time lapse intervals based on the subject: Fast-moving clouds, traffic: 1-2 seconds Sunsets, sunrises, slower clouds: 2-5 seconds Moving shadows, sun across the sky (no clouds): 15-30 seconds Star trails: 30 seconds or longer Plant growth, construction projects: Minutes or longer intervals

Behind the logic. The keyword for the week is supersaturation. 4 Hours 1000PPF-1800PPF @ UVB peak in the afternoon, 4 hours of 700-1000ppf on either side with differing ratios of PR/PRF and Peak UVA @ both Sunrise and Sunset, nature knows best. •The level of antioxidants depends on the stress severity and duration. •The plant’s antioxidants response to light and temperature in a short- and long-term manner (acclimation). •Under severe, short stress, the levels of antioxidants tend to decrease. •Under acclimation (long-term responses) the levels of antioxidants gradually increase. Cannabis contains antioxidants like cannabinoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Has been shown to be an antioxidant and prevent hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage. Auxins are mainly involved in plant growth at the tips of plants. Gibberellins are involved in stem elongation, as well as various other aspects of plant growth such as flowering and fruit production. abscisic acid is the hormone that acts opposite to auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. EXPLANATION: Abscisic acid is the plant hormone that controls the organ size and stomatal closure, and also actively responds against environmental stress or biotic stress. Plants are an integral component in the global movement of water from the soil to the atmosphere, which is referred to as the hydraulic soil–plant–air continuum. Gradients of water vapor generate strong forces for water mobilization. At 20 °C, for example, a one percent difference in water saturation between plant tissues and the air generates a water potential difference of −1.35 MPa (−13.5 bar) which drives transpiration. In essence, plants facilitate the translocation of water from the root zone, back into the air. A number of different endogenous signals have been proposed for long-distance communication of the water deficit of roots to leaves. These range from chemical to hydraulic, and electric signals. ABA was identified as a chemical being delivered in increased amounts to the shoot in the transpiration stream during drought. Electrical signals emanate from water-stressed roots or from roots after re-irrigation and have been suggested to be relayed independently of hydraulic function. How is the change in Ψw sensed within the plant? The hydraulic signal generated by water deficit causes first, a reduction of turgor and second, a moderate increase in solute concentrations because of water withdrawal from cells, and third, mechanical forces exerted at the cell wall and at the cell wall-plasma membrane interface. Pioneering work uncovered the importance of turgor loss for triggering ABA biosynthesis whereas lowering cellular osmotic potential without reducing turgor was Plants have evolved several efficient protective mechanisms that make it possible for them to survive under unfavorable light and temperature conditions. These mechanisms are linked predominantly to the photosynthetic electron transport chain, the xanthophyll cycle, and the photorespiratory pathway. Under stress conditions, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced, which in addition to deleterious effects also show signaling functions. In response to enhanced ROS formation, different low-molecular antioxidants are synthesized, as well as antioxidant enzymes. Depending on the stress intensity and its duration, the content of synthesized antioxidants varies. Under severe, short light/temperature stress, the contents of low-molecular-weight antioxidants, such as ascorbate, glutathione and prenyllipids, tend to decrease, which is correlated with an extra need for ROS scavenging. Under longer exposure of plants to unfavorable light and temperature conditions, the contents of antioxidants gradually increase as a result of acclimation during long-term responses. Studies on plant antioxidant responses indicate that a crucial part of the antioxidant network operates in chloroplasts and their action shows a high level of interdependence. The antioxidant response also depends on plant stress tolerance. Under acclimation (long-term responses) the levels of antioxidants gradually increase. Ascorbic acid and Zeanathaxin are the two co-enzymes responsible for ROS and NPQ, helping the plant deal with the rigors of excess light. Too much light can be harmful and excess light energy can be dissipated as fluorescence or heat (nonphotochemical quenching, NPQ). At least part of this nonradiative energy dissipation occurs through reversible covalent modifications of the thylakoid xanthophylls and involves the reductive de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin (xanthophyll cycle) that is triggered by the pH gradient produced by photosynthetic electron flow. A genetic analysis of NPQ-deficient mutants provided direct genetic evidence for the importance of zeaxanthin in NPQ and also revealed that the pigments of the xanthophyll cycle derived from β-carotene, and lutein derived from α-carotene are required both for NPQ and for protection against oxidative damage in high light. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/xanthophyll-cycle https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0098847217301065?via%3Dihub Induction of metabolite biosynthesis and accumulation is one of the most prominent UV-mediated changes in plants, whether during eustress (positive response) or distress (negative response). However, despite evidence suggesting multiple linkages between UV exposure and carotenoid induction in plants, there is no consensus in the literature concerning the direction and/or amplitude of these effects. it was found that violaxanthin was the only carotenoid compound that was significantly and consistently induced as a result of UV exposure. Violaxanthin accumulation was accompanied by a UV dose dependent decrease in antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin. The resulting shift in the state of the xanthophyll cycle would normally occur when plants are exposed to low light and this is associated with increased susceptibility to photoinhibition. Although UV induced violaxanthin accumulation is positively linked to the daily UV dose, the current dataset is too small to establish a link with plant stress. protection of polyunsaturated lipids by zeaxanthin is enhanced when lutein is also present. During photooxidative stress, α-tocopherol noticeably decreased in ch1 npq1 and increased in ch1 npq2 relative to ch1, suggesting protection of vitamin E by high zeaxanthin levels. Our results indicate that the antioxidant activity of zeaxanthin, distinct from NPQ, can occur in the absence of PSII light-harvesting complexes. The capacity of zeaxanthin to protect thylakoid membrane lipids is comparable to that of vitamin E but noticeably higher than that of all other xanthophylls. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2151694/ Lutein and Zeaxanthin: These powerful antioxidants are found in the retina and help protect your eyes from harmful blue light and oxidative . https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijocr/international-journal-of-ophthalmology-and-clinical-research-ijocr-2-044.php?jid=ijocr In an in vitro model, L/Zi treatment inhibited cholinesterase activity and enhanced catalase activity. These results suggest that inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme and enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities may have several therapeutic applications such as neurodegeneration disorders and myasthenia gravis. Mild UV irradiation affected significant changes in 545 genes, including down-regulation of c-SRC and β-catenin, and up-regulation of VEGF and FOXO-3A. L/Zi induced changes in 520 genes, most notably down-regulation of β-catenin, and up-regulation of specific G-protein constituents that support neurophysiologic processes in vision and enhanced immune system poise. L/Zi supplemented cells were mild UV irradiated, 573 genes were significantly affected, most notably an up-regulation of c-SRC. There were changes in cytokine gene expression and enhancement in SOD and GPx activities. Conclusions: L/Zi treated cells may ameliorate the effects of mild UV irradiation on RPE cells, as shown by the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, inflammation, immune function and wound healing. https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijocr/international-journal-of-ophthalmology-and-clinical-research-ijocr-2-044.php?jid=ijocr Zeaxanthin is a predominant xanthophyll in human eyes and may reduce the risk of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Spirulina is an algal food that contains a high concentration of zeaxanthin. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0981942822002121 When a plant is exposed to UV-A radiation, it can lead to a decrease in zeaxanthin levels due to the activation of the xanthophyll cycle, which typically converts zeaxanthin back to violaxanthin as a protective mechanism against high light conditions, including UV radiation; essentially, the plant may use up its zeaxanthin to protect itself from potential damage caused by the UV-A exposure. Key points about UV-A and zeaxanthin in plants: Xanthophyll cycle: Plants use a cycle involving pigments like zeaxanthin and violaxanthin to adjust to changing light conditions. When exposed to high light (including UV), the plant converts zeaxanthin back to violaxanthin to protect the photosynthetic apparatus. UV-B and UV-A radiation are natural components of solar radiation that can cause plant stress, as well as induce a range of acclimatory responses mediated by photoreceptors. UV-mediated accumulation of flavonoids and glucosinolates is well documented, but much less is known about UV effects on carotenoid content. Carotenoids are involved in a range of plant physiological processes, including photoprotection of the photosynthetic machinery. UV-induced changes in carotenoid profile were quantified in plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) exposed for up to ten days to supplemental UV radiation under growth chamber conditions. UV induces specific changes in carotenoid profile, including increases in antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and lutein contents in leaves. The extent of induction was dependent on exposure duration. No individual UV-B (UVR8) or UV-A (Cryptochrome or Phototropin) photoreceptor was found to mediate this induction. Remarkably, UV-induced accumulation of violaxanthin could not be linked to the protection of the photosynthetic machinery from UV damage, questioning the functional relevance of this UV response. Here, it is argued that plants exploit UV radiation as a proxy for other stressors. Thus, it is speculated that the function of UV-induced alterations in carotenoid profile is not UV protection, but rather protection against other environmental stressors such as high-intensity visible light that will normally accompany UV radiation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366352446_UV_Radiation_Induces_Specific_Changes_in_the_Carotenoid_Profile_of_Arabidopsis_thaliana

Plants looking planty.