Coming throw - we put a few in a 20liter - going for a few tiers. Tent has opened up some space from harvesting this week so should see the remainders beef up some more. Weird that I have flies in this tent. Harmless but I think the sweet aroma maybe have something g to do with it - or coffee grinds -

Day 58 - As you can see, buds are looking full but still looking like they want to go a bit longer, checking the trichomes frequently and seeing a lot of cloudy.. think i saw the first few ambers too. Any how, we shall keep going. Flush time soon. Day 62 - Looking good, smelling better.. really fruity and sweet. Seems ripe too. Feeds lowered and a little flush. Buds are rock hard, very dense and sticky. Looking forward to harvesting. She will be ready by day 63, but I'll see weather or not ill let her go longer. Stay tuned. Day 64 - trichomes ready, little flush and shes ready for the chop. Beautiful smelling strain and easy to grow. Very hard dense gassy and sweet buds. Once dry and cure, will be back with a little update.

Die Ladys haben sich hervorragend entwickelt 😄. Die Lichtintensität wurde von 25 % auf 50 % erhöht, mit einem Abstand von etwa 60 cm zur Krone 👑. 💡PPFD ca. 500 Happy Growing 🙏👋

Compared to the last update last week this has been the easiest first grow so far using the Vinsun grow tent. I’ve been having a blast watching her grow so fast. Most of my questions have been answered thanks to you guys and I look forward into continuing this journey with everyone. If anyone recommends starting LST on my first grow or to just leave it as it is then I’m all ears!

easy enough week. added dehumidifiers in both tents as i really have them packed and its best we take care of that now than run into diffs later. nutrients all good, much the same. harvested bday cake auto 45g wet weight. maybe was hard on her at the start but whatever.. looks good, hopefully tastes as good. 3rd week in and these girls are massive.. like really impressive. no hype.

Woche 1 Flowering Once upon a time. Somewhere in the north. On Earth. A friend ment to start another Grow. But this time he wants it inside. For the first time. Ok, i asked for his budget! Well Budget it was! Good! I told him what i have found! He so! No tent! No tent? Really? I asked. No, just a bigger Lamp!, he answered. Well i did my best and spoke and spoke with him, no tent! Than he asked if i can germinate it for him! No problem. I asked is your grow room ready.? Ahh, he answered, no problems this goes quick. I said, they born. Is ready? No problem bring it to me than its ready. I brought him, he wasnt ready.. 5 xxxking weeks later i bought a cheap led grow light with Samsung LM281B diodes .) not bad. Made room in a cabinet and this is how where we re. 5 weeks old in normal sun(no sun, cloudy it was) grown. Übersetzen

Started flush now. I'm adding Nature Delight Active Sugar Boost as it's been recommended to boost terpene production. No idea if it will work this late into flower but trying anyway as apparently it has no need to be flushed and is fully organic.

8/2 Fed two gallons this morning and took some hurried pictures. Did SLIGHT defoliation of dead leaves. Didn't have much time to inspect things. I'll check things out later this afternoon. Need to go in at night and see what critters are about. Woke very late so it was a very hurried morning. Rained last night like I expected. It's 68 at 9:30 and looks like rain. 8/3 Nice and sunny and 80 at noon. Didn't water as it rained last night nor did I get a chance to defoliate. After seeing a comment about mites I decided to break out the ol 100x scope. I took random samplings of leaves on different plants. I found ZERO mites. Just because I didn't find any doesn't mean they aren't there but it brings my anxiety down a little. While looking I did notice something is munching leaves. I wanted to use something to continue treatment for WPM and any random bugs but I may need to use captain jack's. I have lady bugs and don't want to kill them but I might just have too. I don't know if earwigs are a big problem or the holes are from pillars or hoppers or whatever else. Observing the weather and the 40 degree mornings and the wind tunnel I seem to be in, I don't see mites setting up shop or sticking around too long in these conditions. Either way if I missed something the IPM will get it. I bought general hydroponics cool bloom that I'm considering switching from tiger bloom. My tiger bloom is from last year and it seems to be crystalized a little in the bottom. We shall see. This is the last year of liquid nutes I hope. 8/4 Watered this morning and defoliated dead leaves. Looking on the inside of the plants I've noticed what looks like small leaves by bud sites dying or being chomped on. Not a single fucking aphid anywhere. I think those earwigs got a taste for those sweet lower bud sites and may be causing damage. It kinda helped as all they did was lollipop a couple lower branches in spots. Still I believe it will become a problem if left unchecked. Plan is to treat plants tonight with captain Jack's. I have a little more research to do but I believe that's the route I'll take. I noticed some pillar holes and other assorted pests so I think now's a good time to hit them with the Spinosid. Plants are looking good though. I can see cola's forming and hairs coming together to make small buds. What a great time. I have so much to do but I'm so busy with the other things going on it's hard to keep up. I'll update as I progress. Plans are fluid. 8/5 Topsoil was dry despite the rain we had so I watered and defoliated what needed and pruned some inner branches I missed yesterday. I don't like leaving exposed matter when it's wet. It's not supposed to rain until around 1pm. I'm getting frustrated. I can't find the earwigs anymore and "life" had kept me from being the best gardener I could be. Last year I woulda been out with a spray bottle every night looking for them. I need to visit the garden at night. I think I need to lower my pH too. Hopefully the apple cider vinegar spray I plan to use will help some. The water going in is good so I don't get how the pH is higher at the root zone. I've seen random damage from different pests. Tonight I'm putting petroleum jelly on the stalks and anywhere the bugs can climb up. I also plan on spraying spinosid tonight. I will update as I progress. The traps I made haven't caught a single bug. A little frustrated this morning but the garden looks gorgeous. 8/6 Rained last night. This wet weather sucks. Found a couple spots where bud shoots had been eaten as well as other tell tale signs. It's got to be those earwigs. I've researched my ass off and have none of the normal pests I usually would this time of year. Especially aphids. I have lady bugs but no way they controlled pests this well. More likely the wigs ran out of food and got a taste for nice cannabis shoots and leaves. I can't seem to make it happen at night so this morning I liberally sprayed all plants with a gallon of captain Jack's dead bug at 2tbsp a gallon as recommended. Spinosid works good and I've used it in the past with BT. Should take care of whatever. I sprayed around the cage too but I couldn't find anything. I read Spinosid is good at controlling those fucking earwigs too. Did you know earwigs are 20 million years old and the only species in their genus. I certainly didn't. I see leaf septoria all over the foliage around. By around I mean just driving or walking in the woods. It seems bad this year. At least it hasn't gotten to my garden yet. Garden is away from most other vegetation. I have ONE plant In that 30 gallon tote at the back outside my cage that I can tell has leaf septoria 💯. I don't know if I should cull it or try to fight it. I'll pick up a copper based fungicide and try first. I'm at that point where this plant was just extra and neglected so maybe it would be better of somewhere else. I may just isolate it. Hurried morning. No time for defoliation not pictures. I will update as I go. I will start apple cider vinegar spray probably tomorrow after I feed. I'm researching how to check my pH with an indicator liquid. Maybe I can get a better idea of the pH at my root zone. Those soil meters suck. Update I went for a hike just to check out the foliage in the area. I'm lucky. Japanese beetles have stripped a lot of vegetation around here but have luckily left my cannabis alone. I've killed like four total. I also noticed tons of fungal infections in trees (different area from my grow but within a mile). Hopefully I can come to decision about treating or culling that plant. 8/7 Looks like it's going to be a good day weather wise. Like I said my tiger bloom has what seems like small crystals that rattle when I shake the bottle. I know it's probably better to use one line of products but I switched to GH liquid cool bloom 0-10-10. It came highly recommended so we shall see. Plants seem to be doing well with the transition to flower. They look healthy despite the little ones outside the cage and the one with the fungal infection. Even that has nice tops it's just the bottom that looks fucked up. I think I'll bring it away from the others and attempt to treat it. Luckily it was just an experiment and a bag seed. After taking a hike I realized I'm quite lucky. Local foliage has been skeletonized by japanese beetles. This relentless rain has brought about fungal infections in trees, shrubs and even fruiting plants like blackberries. Things could definitely be much worse. I'm picking up a fungicide today to treat that plant. PM seems to be in check for now but I'll need to stay on top of it. Also need to try to get litmus paper or something to test soil pH. Meter is junk. I have indicator liquid though. I'll update as I progress. 8/8 Its been raining almost every night. Another challenge for the outdoor grower. I defoliated more leaves this morning. I noticed previous damage on bud sites that appears to be from earwigs. Also dead sugar leaves on new bud shoots down low and inside. Glad I got the Spinosid treatment in. At least whatever ate it will be dead. Need to still figure out what to do with that plant and whether it has leaf septoria or just a more advanced powdery mildew. I'm in town now and I'm planning to pick up a copper based fungicide just in case. I may isolate the one plant and treat everything and go from there. It's a large plant but seems to have lost most of its leaves. Not sure if switching the nutes was a good idea as I read that tiger bloom doesn't really expire and it's made to go with the rest of the nutes I'm using. Next week I need to stay on top of treatments and continuing to monitor for PM or other damage. Other than that plants look healthy and are transitioning to flower pretty well. Sunny and Tempe reached 90. RH is stupid high

Just finishing up week 3. Girls are a nice nice shade of green. Buds are starting to shape and the fan leaves are getting some crystals. All is good. I harvest the other side tomorrow and ill be starting a karma genetics - sherb biker grow journal. Be sure to subscribe to that.

Well I’m closing this one out. I had a lot of problems with humidity outside and bud rot, in hindsight i read a few reviews in the last few weeks and purple kush is susceptible to bud rot. I did 2 separate harvest, one on the 9th and one on the 14th. I collected everything I could smoke, there is still buds left on the plants but because of bud rot and immature buds I’m saying fuck it. Sonoma seeds quotes 9-10 weeks flower i harvested at week 8 and week 9. I harvested just shy of a pound total, and just over and oz of “purple” looking weed. Between you guys and i, the purple one was pretty shwaggy as far as bud goes. Would i grow this again outdoors? NOPE. Would i try it indoors? You will have to stay tuned for my next grow. If you plan to grow this strain outdoors do not do it. The fact that it’s pretty much 100%indica it does not like to get wet,🤦‍♂️🏻 if you are in the desert, indoors or live in Afghanistan (lineage) go for it. The taste is also not quite what I expected, all the reviews say grapes, but i taste a neutral taste. Some of it smells quite good in the jars but as soon as you smell each bud it smells like spicy woody herb with some dank undertone. Trimming it i had some sort of dank spicy smell i just can’t put my fingers on, except it was all over them. The buzz is “ok”but nothing to knock your socks off with. It is a stimulating feeling followed by a calm “not sleepy” feeling. I haven’t grown many outdoor variety’s but I’m sure most of them turn out the same. I’m waiting for my indoor no name to finish and I can start trying to redeem myself with my leftover seeds, and hopefully get the true quality/if there is, with this purple kush strain. Fall indoor; here i come. Thanks for tagging along. Cheers. Update: decided to make bubble hash with it. Update 2: pressed some hash into some shatter

Week 2 of Bloom

Start of week 6. Week 5 went really well, the Glueberry OG girl is packing on bud weight, size, density and she is sticky! She has a green, fresh green smell right now, but I expect that will change over then next couple weeks.

The notes are amazing for the lady in to dry, lemon, sugary sweet, doughy, blueberry. Unfortunately id say I did lose a lil terps etc from budwashing but with how much shit came off it i think I'll continue to budwas, I wouldn't go 1/2 again, id definitely do 1/4 if i were to do it again. #2 still has like a week or two to go till I pull, I think I'm going to leave her for a little longer All additives and nutrients are organic

7/19 I’ve come upon the realize that I had been under watering to an extreme degree. I have since adjusted accordingly today and hope they look better tomorrow. Did remove some leaves and then found out I really shouldn’t have, hopefully I didn’t stunt them.i believe they are now flowering and next watering I will be adding some tiger bloom at very low strength. the newts I’ve given them have shown tip nute burn often and I have been very minimally watering so my conclusion is my soil was so full of nutes I could have waited until now most likely to start my first feedings. I’ve read about this and w ocean forest this seems to be the trend. Still really happy about the progress. Peace

New week starts. __________________ 🌞19.04 Spraying by the 'Sea Weed' solution, but it's usual. Waiting for crone forming, doing nothing. It's a last week of vegetation, next one will be 12/12 hrs of light. 🌞20.04 Nothing today except clean water spraying. I was thinking about HST making to lower a middle brunches of my 'stack'. But I'm too scared to cause a lot if stress to my girls. They can become hermaphrodites, it's too risky. Theoretically, I can wait one more week them to be healed from the lasd defoliation and then break some brunches. But I don't want to wait more. 🌞21.04 Nothing today, we just growing. 'RG'#2 has alot of yellow tips on its yong leaves. It's definitely a feeding deficit, but I already giving them nutrients in 80% concentration. Next feeding (two days later) will be 100%/full dose and then light schedule will be changed. 👉Upd: I made HST (Supercropping) to eight middle branches of 'HB' and 'RG'#2. They were too tall compared to others. Now they have five days for healing before light schedule will be changed. It will be a great experiment for future grow cycles. 👉Upd_2: All eight broken future colas turned themselves to the 'Sun'. HST procedure was successful. Now my garden is as flat as an 🌊🌊🌊 (almost). 🌞22.04 Nothing today, even spraying. I want them to heal faster, not to rot... Broken branches of 'HB' and 'RG'#2 feels great. Leaves aren't withering, their stems are hard. They'll be OK after a few days. I think I'll made one more defoliation on wednesday. Wright after that I'll turn on 12/12 light shadule. 🌞23.04 Today I measured drainage water. There are too much sault was gathered in pots: 2.8Ec I drained 60 liters of nutrients solution (20l each pot). And EC fell to 2.6 only - it's too damn high numbers! In wednesday I'll water my plants with 'GHE Pro Clean' before light schedule changing. It will clean them well. Upd: 12hrs after this procedure they look much larger then they were before. I'm starting to run out of space in my box. 🌞24.04 Nothing today. A soil is too wet, Ec is too high, the broken branches haven't healed yet. I'll wait for two days, then flush my girls with a 'Clean' solution. Upd.: Light defoliation (~40 leaves total) was done at the evening to all except 'HB'. It was a last leaves cutting before flowering time. Details on photo. 🌞25.04 It's a last day of vegetation light schedule. I'll turn my lamps to 12/12hrs tomorrow. Also I will turn on a third 100W lamp in the box. This was a normal week. ____________ Week ends.

Day 58, 11th of November 2020: I set the lamp 15 minutes shorter to switch off earlier so they receive 11:45 of darkness. I would like to imitate the nature when longer nights come with time till the 4th week (when they will receive 13 hours darkness a day 15 minutes minus 4 times = 1hour) so every week 15 min longer darkness for 4 weeks and then back to 12/12 to have bigger buds from the 4th week.... Wao. Well, all good hopefully they will stop growing soon but the strech is not that much thanks for the trainings such as topping and LST.... Pistils are started appearing so they she the sex I think one more week to go and they will settle down concentrating on bud development. What to say every 2nd day is fertilization with the mix and ratio above now we are waiting. Anything else? Well just look atbthe pictures and decide what you think. I am pretty sure they look cool LOL. This Gleato Zamnesia is very promising I really like the smell already she is nice but all of them I mean I am in love with all so. Kalinia Asia is nice and I am so excited for the Sweed Seeds ones the red girls OMG :)

🌸 Eternity Grow Cup — Week 17 (Flower Week 6) Update 🌸 The Final Stretch Begins… and It’s Frosty. What a glorious week in the tent! We’re entering Week 6 of flower, and the girls are turning into absolute crystal queens — stacking up from bottom to top with full energy, thanks to a combination of care, perfect tuning, and a whole lot of love. We’re now 17 weeks from seed, and it shows. This grow has depth, maturity, and structure. Genetics doing their part. 💡 Lighting tuned to perfection. 🌡️ Climate stable and strong. 🌊 Feeding locked in with fine-tuned accuracy. ⸻ Nutrient Mix & Reservoir Stats: This week’s reservoir was an art form — mixed with intention, tuned for results, and it shows in the plants’ response. Here’s the formula: Product. Dosage (per L) Total for 50L Regulator 0.15 ml 7.5 ml System C. 0.25 ml. 12.5 ml RO W C. 0.8 ml. 40 ml Green S. 1 ml 50 ml AIOL 2 ml 100 ml Final reservoir stats after blending and fine-tuning: • EC: 2.46 • pH: 6.22 (stabilized beautifully) • Solution Temp: 19.4°C Girls are drinking this blend like a fine vintage. Immediate response with increased vigor, color richness, and sparkling frost everywhere. ⸻ 🌬️ Environment & VPD: • Temp: 29°C • Humidity: 57.1% • VPD: 1.72 kPa • CO₂: 600–1200 ppm depending on light cycles • PPFD: 900–1000 µmol/m²/s — and they’re loving every photon! We’re riding a slightly warm wave, but with perfect air movement (thanks to our vortex-style airflow), the ladies are thriving. Every leaf dances. Every cola stacks. ⸻ 💡 Light Spectrum Tuning: This week we’re pushing the Model 1s and ICL 300s to their full potential — bringing intensity up across all channels. We’re: • Ramping up deep red & far red before and after lights-on/off (15-minute transitions) • Boosting UV to bring that sticky trichome magic • Still balancing whites for full spectrum saturation • ICL 300s lighting up lower growth — no bud left behind This garden is glowing from all directions — full canopy expression from top to soil line. ⸻ ✂️ Structure, Lollipopping & Leaf Strip: After removing the SCROG nets, we did a light but effective lollipop and leaf strip. Airflow improved, light penetration increased, and the girls bounced back with pride. No stress, only elegance. ⸻ 📣 Shoutouts & Community Love: The Eternity Grow Cup is heating up, and we want to send love and mad respect to all the other growers out there — your grows are stunning, your spirits high, and your love for the plant inspiring. To our sponsors: 💚 Zamnesia – for the magic beans 💚 Plagron – for nutrient mastery 💚 Aptus Holland – for precision in feeding 💚 TrolMaster – for ultimate control 💚 Future of Grow & ThinkGrow – for bringing the light 💚 Grove Bags, Ziggi Papers, Cannakan, ProMix, and all who make this dream real And to the community — lovers, haters, learners, legends — THANK YOU. You are what makes this journey unforgettable. ⸻ 🎥 See More on YouTube & Instagram 📺 Full 4K episodes every week on YouTube 📸 Behind-the-scenes, details & extras on Instagram Come check it out and ride the wave with us. 💬 Like if you like it. 📣 Comment if you vibe with it. 🌱 Follow — because this grow is just getting better and better. As always… Growers Love. Always. With heart, with hope, with humility. — DD 🌿 -------------------- Genetics - Runtz https://www.zamnesia.com/6000-zamnesia-seeds-runtz-feminized.html Nutrients - Plagron https://plagron.com/en/hobby - Aptus Holland https://aptus-holland.com/ Controls - Trol Master https://www.trolmaster.eu/ LED - https://www.futureofgrow.com/en LED - https://www.thinkgrowled.com Soil - https://www.promixgardening.com/en Germination - Cannakan https://cannakan.com/?srsltid=AfmBOopXr-inLXajXu3QFgKXCXXos4F1oEvScjMKIB5MR5dk8-GJ-F49 DOGDOCTOR 15% off Smoking Papers - https://ziggioriginal.com/ Terpene saver - https://grovebags.com/ As always thank you all for stopping by, for the love and for it all , this journey of mine wold just not be the same without you guys, the love and support is very much appreciloved and i fell honored with you all in my life With true love comes happiness Always believe in your self and always do things expecting nothing and with an open heart , be a giver and the universe will give back to you in ways you could not even imagine so As always, this is shared for educational purposes, aiming to spread understanding and appreciation for this plant. The journey with nature is one of discovery, creativity, and respect. Let’s celebrate it responsibly and continue to learn and grow together! Growers Love To you All 💚 #EternityGrowCup #RuntzHunt #GrowersLove #CannabisCommunity #AptusHolland #ProMixSoil #TrolMaster #Zamnesia #Plagron #ZiggiPapers #Grovebags

Did not have any issues growing plant amazing outcome!!!!

cosecha de dos plantas red rapper

ANTHOCYANIN production is primarily controlled by the Cryptochrome (CR1) Photoreceptor ( !! UV and Blue Spectrums are primary drivers in the production of the pigment that replaces chlorophyll, isn't that awesome! 1. Diverse photoreceptors in plants Many civilizations, including the sun god of ancient Egypt, thought that the blessings of sunlight were the source of life. In fact, the survival of all life, including humans, is supported by the photosynthesis of plants that capture solar energy. Plants that perform photosynthesis have no means of transportation except for some algae. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor various changes in the external environment and respond appropriately to the place to survive. Among various environmental information, light is especially important information for plants that perform photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, plants acquired phytochrome, which mainly receives light in the red light region, and multiple blue light receptors, including his hytropin and phototropin, in order to sense the light environment. .. In addition to these, an ultraviolet light receptor named UVR8 was recently discovered. The latest image of the molecular structure and function of these various plant photoreceptors (Fig. 1), focusing on phytochrome and phototropin. Figure 1 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8. The dashed line represents each bioactive absorption spectrum. 2. Phytochrome; red-far red photoreversible molecular switch What is phytochrome? Phytochrome is a photochromic photoreceptor, and has two absorption types, a red light absorption type Pr (absorption maximum wavelength of about 665 nm) and a far-red light absorption type Pfr (730 nm). Reversible light conversion between the two by red light and far-red light, respectively(Fig. 1A, solid line and broken line). In general, Pfr is the active form that causes a physiological response. With some exceptions, phytochrome can be said to function as a photoreversible molecular switch. The background of the discovery is as follows. There are some types of plants that require light for germination (light seed germination). From that study, it was found that germination was induced by red light, the effect was inhibited by subsequent far-red light irradiation, and this could be repeated, and the existence of photoreceptors that reversibly photoconvert was predicted. In 1959, its existence was confirmed by the absorption spectrum measurement of the yellow sprout tissue, and it was named phytochrome. Why does the plant have a sensor to distinguish between such red light and far-red light? There is no big difference between the red and far-red light regions in the open-field spectrum of sunlight, but the proportion of red light is greatly reduced due to the absorption of chloroplasts in the shade of plants. Similar changes in light quality occur in the evening sunlight. Plants perceive this difference in light quality as the ratio of Pr and Pfr, recognize the light environment, and respond to it. Subsequent studies have revealed that it is responsible for various photomorphogenic reactions such as photoperiodic flowering induction, shade repellent, and deyellowing (greening). Furthermore, with the introduction of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and the development of molecular biological analysis methods, research has progressed dramatically, and his five types of phytochromes (phyA-E) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. all right. With the progress of the genome project, Fi’s tochrome-like photoreceptors were found in cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic prokaryotes other than plants. Furthermore, in non-photosynthetic bacteria, a homologue molecule called bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and radiation-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans, Dr). Domain structure of phytochrome molecule Phytochrome molecule can be roughly divided into N-terminal side and C-terminal side region. PAS (Per / Arndt / Sim: blue), GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase / adenylyl cyclase / FhlA: green), PHY (phyto-chrome: purple) 3 in the N-terminal region of plant phytochrome (Fig. 2A) There are two domains and an N-terminal extension region (NTE: dark blue), and phytochromobilin (PΦB), which is one of the ring-opening tetrapyrroles, is thioether-bonded to the system stored in GAF as a chromophore. ing. PAS is a domain involved in the interaction between signal transduction-related proteins, and PHY is a phytochrome-specific domain. There are two PASs and her histidine kinase-related (HKR) domain (red) in the C-terminal region, but the histidine essential for kinase activity is not conserved. 3. Phototropin; photosynthetic efficiency optimized blue light receptor What is phototropin? Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution, wrote in his book “The power of move-ment in plants” published in 1882 that plants bend toward blue light. Approximately 100 years later, the protein nph1 (nonphoto-tropic hypocotyl 1) encoded by one of the causative genes of Arabidopsis mutants causing phototropic abnormalities was identified as a blue photoreceptor. Later, another isotype npl1 was found and renamed phototropin 1 (phot1) and 2 (phot2), respectively. In addition to phototropism, phototropin is damaged by chloroplast photolocalization (chloroplasts move through the epidermal cells of the leaves and gather on the cell surface under appropriate light intensity for photosynthesis. As a photoreceptor for reactions such as escaping to the side of cells under dangerous strong light) and stomata (reactions that open stomata to optimize the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is the rate-determining process of photosynthetic reactions). It became clear that it worked. In this way, phototropin can be said to be a blue light receptor responsible for optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Domain structure and LOV photoreaction of phototropin molecule Phototropin molecule has two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) called LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage sensing) on the N-terminal side, and serine / on the C-terminal side. It is a protein kinase that forms threonine kinase (STK) (Fig. 4Aa) and whose activity is regulated by light. LOV is one molecule as a chromophore, he binds FMN (flavin mononucleotide) non-covalently. The LOV forms an α/βfold, and the FMN is located on a β-sheet consisting of five antiparallel β-strands (Fig. 4B). The FMN in the ground state LOV shows the absorption spectrum of a typical oxidized flavin protein with a triplet oscillation structure and an absorption maximum wavelength of 450 nm, and is called D450 (Fig. 1C and Fig. 4E). After being excited to the singlet excited state by blue light, the FMN shifts to the triplet excited state (L660t *) due to intersystem crossing, and then the C4 (Fig. 4C) of the isoaroxazine ring of the FMN is conserved in the vicinity. It forms a transient accretionary prism with the tain (red part in Fig. 4B Eα) (S390I). When this cysteine is replaced with alanine (C / A substitution), the addition reaction does not occur. The effect of adduct formation propagates to the protein moiety, causing kinase activation (S390II). After that, the formed cysteine-flavin adduct spontaneously dissociates and returns to the original D450 (Fig. 4E, dark regression reaction). Phototropin kinase activity control mechanism by LOV2 Why does phototropin have two LOVs? Atphot1 was found as a protein that is rapidly autophosphorylated when irradiated with blue light. The effect of the above C / A substitution on this self-phosphorylation reaction and phototropism was investigated, and LOV2 is the main photomolecular switch in both self-phosphorylation and phototropism. It turns out that it functions as. After that, from experiments using artificial substrates, STK has a constitutive activity, LOV2 functions as an inhibitory domain of this activity, and the inhibition is eliminated by photoreaction, while LOV1 is kinase light. It was shown to modify the photosensitivity of the activation reaction. In addition to this, LOV1 was found to act as a dimerization site from the crystal structure and his SAXS. What kind of molecular mechanism does LOV2 use to photoregulate kinase activity? The following two modules play important roles in this intramolecular signal transduction. Figure 4 (A) Domain structure of LOV photoreceptors. a: Phototropin b: Neochrome c: FKF1 family protein d: Aureochrome (B) Crystal structure of auto barley phot1 LOV2. (C) Structure of FMN isoaroxazine ring. (D) Schematic diagram of the functional domain and module of Arabidopsis thaliana phot1. L, A’α, and Jα represent linker, A’α helix, and Jα helix, respectively. (E) LOV photoreaction. (F) Molecular structure model (mesh) of the LOV2-STK sample (black line) containing A’α of phot2 obtained based on SAXS under dark (top) and under bright (bottom). The yellow, red, and green space-filled models represent the crystal structures of LOV2-Jα, protein kinase A N-lobe, and C-robe, respectively, and black represents FMN. See the text for details. 1) Jα. LOV2 C of oat phot1-to α immediately after the terminus Rix (Jα) is present (Fig. 4D), which interacts with the β-sheet (Fig. 4B) that forms the FMN-bound scaffold of LOV2 in the dark, but unfolds and dissociates from the β-sheet with photoreaction. It was shown by NMR that it does. According to the crystal structure of LOV2-Jα, this Jα is located on the back surface of the β sheet and mainly has a hydrophobic interaction. The formation of S390II causes twisting of the isoaroxazine ring and protonation of N5 (Fig. 4C). As a result, the glutamine side chain present on his Iβ strand (Fig. 4B) in the β-sheet rotates to form a hydrogen bond with this protonated N5. Jα interacts with this his Iβ strand, and these changes are thought to cause the unfold-ing of Jα and dissociation from the β-sheet described above. Experiments such as amino acid substitution of Iβ strands revealed that kinases exhibit constitutive activity when this interaction is eliminated, and that Jα plays an important role in photoactivation of kinases. 2) A’α / Aβ gap. Recently, several results have been reported showing the involvement of amino acids near the A’α helix (Fig. 4D) located upstream of the N-terminal of LOV2 in kinase photoactivation. Therefore, he investigated the role of this A’α and its neighboring amino acids in kinase photoactivation, photoreaction, and Jα structural change for Atphot1. The LOV2-STK polypeptide (Fig. 4D, underlined in black) was used as a photocontrollable kinase for kinase activity analysis. As a result, it was found that the photoactivation of the kinase was abolished when amino acid substitution was introduced into the A’α / Aβ gap between A’α and Aβ of the LOV2 core. Interestingly, he had no effect on the structural changes in Jα examined on the peptide map due to the photoreaction of LOV2 or trypsin degradation. Therefore, the A’α / Aβ gap is considered to play an important role in intramolecular signal transduction after Jα. Structural changes detected by SAXS Structural changes of Jα have been detected by various biophysical methods other than NMR, but structural information on samples including up to STK is reported only by his results to his SAXS. Not. The SAXS measurement of the Atphot2 LOV2-STK polypeptide showed that the radius of inertia increased from 32.4 Å to 34.8 Å, and the molecular model (Fig. 4F) obtained by the ab initio modeling software GASBOR is that of LOV2 and STK. It was shown that the N lobes and C lobes lined up in tandem, and the relative position of LOV2 with respect to STK shifted by about 13 Å under light irradiation. The difference in the molecular model between the two is considered to reflect the structural changes that occur in the Jα and A’α / Aβ gaps mentioned above. Two phototropins with different photosensitivity In the phototropic reaction of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis responds to a very wide range of light intensities from 10–4 to 102 μmol photon / sec / m2. At that time, phot1 functions as an optical sensor in a wide range from low light to strong light, while phot2 reacts with light stronger than 1 μmol photon / sec / m2. What is the origin of these differences? As is well known, animal photoreceptors have a high photosensitivity due to the abundance of rhodopsin and the presence of biochemical amplification mechanisms. The exact abundance of phot1 and phot2 in vivo is unknown, but interesting results have been obtained in terms of amplification. The light intensity dependence of the photoactivation of the LOV2-STK polypeptide used in the above kinase analysis was investigated. It was found that phot1 was about 10 times more photosensitive than phot2. On the other hand, when the photochemical reactions of both were examined, it was found that the rate of the dark return reaction of phot1 was about 10 times slower than that of phot2. This result indicates that the longer the lifetime of S390II, which is in the kinase-activated state, the higher the photosensitivity of kinase activation. This correlation was further confirmed by extending the lifespan of her S390II with amino acid substitutions. This alone cannot explain the widespread differences in photosensitivity between phot1 and phot2, but it may explain some of them. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate in detail protein modifications such as phosphorylation and the effects of phot interacting factors on photosensitivity. Other LOV photoreceptors Among fern plants and green algae, phytochrome ɾphotosensory module (PSM) on the N-terminal side and chimera photoreceptor with full-length phototropin on the C-terminal side, neochrome (Fig. There are types with 4Ab). It has been reported that some neochromes play a role in chloroplast photolocalization as a red light receiver. It is considered that fern plants have such a chimera photoreceptor in order to survive in a habitat such as undergrowth in a jungle where only red light reaches. In addition to this, plants have only one LOV domain, and three proteins involved in the degradation of photomorphogenesis-related proteins, FKF1 (Flavin-binding, Kelch repeat, F-box 1, ZTL (ZEITLUPE)), LKP2 ( There are LOV Kelch Protein2) (Fig. 4Ac) and aureochrome (Fig. 4Ad), which has a bZip domain on the N-terminal side of LOV and functions as a gene transcription factor. 4. Cryptochrome and UVR8 Cryptochrome is one of the blue photoreceptors and forms a superfamily with the DNA photoreceptor photolyase. It has FAD (flavin adenine dinucle-otide) as a chromophore and tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a condensing pigment. The ground state of FAD is considered to be the oxidized type, and the radical type (broken line in Fig. 1B) generated by blue light irradiation is considered to be the signaling state. The radical type also absorbs in the green to orange light region, and may widen the wavelength region of the plant morphogenesis reaction spectrum. Cryptochrome uses blue light to control physiological functions similar to phytochrome. It was identified as a photoreceptor from one of the causative genes of UVR8 Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chromophore is absorbed in the UVB region by a Trp triad consisting of three tryptophans (Fig. 1D). It is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that function as UV scavengers in plants. Conclusion It is thought that plants have acquired various photoreceptors necessary for their survival during a long evolutionary process. The photoreceptors that cover the existing far-red light to UVB mentioned here are considered to be some of them. More and more diverse photoreceptor genes are conserved in cyanobacteria and marine plankton. By examining these, it is thought that the understanding of plant photoreceptors will be further deepened.