ANTHOCYANIN production is primarily controlled by the Cryptochrome (CR1) Photoreceptor ( !! UV and Blue Spectrums are primary drivers in the production of the pigment that replaces chlorophyll, isn't that awesome! 1. Diverse photoreceptors in plants Many civilizations, including the sun god of ancient Egypt, thought that the blessings of sunlight were the source of life. In fact, the survival of all life, including humans, is supported by the photosynthesis of plants that capture solar energy. Plants that perform photosynthesis have no means of transportation except for some algae. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor various changes in the external environment and respond appropriately to the place to survive. Among various environmental information, light is especially important information for plants that perform photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, plants acquired phytochrome, which mainly receives light in the red light region, and multiple blue light receptors, including his hytropin and phototropin, in order to sense the light environment. .. In addition to these, an ultraviolet light receptor named UVR8 was recently discovered. The latest image of the molecular structure and function of these various plant photoreceptors (Fig. 1), focusing on phytochrome and phototropin. Figure 1 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8. The dashed line represents each bioactive absorption spectrum. 2. Phytochrome; red-far red photoreversible molecular switch What is phytochrome? Phytochrome is a photochromic photoreceptor, and has two absorption types, a red light absorption type Pr (absorption maximum wavelength of about 665 nm) and a far-red light absorption type Pfr (730 nm). Reversible light conversion between the two by red light and far-red light, respectively(Fig. 1A, solid line and broken line). In general, Pfr is the active form that causes a physiological response. With some exceptions, phytochrome can be said to function as a photoreversible molecular switch. The background of the discovery is as follows. There are some types of plants that require light for germination (light seed germination). From that study, it was found that germination was induced by red light, the effect was inhibited by subsequent far-red light irradiation, and this could be repeated, and the existence of photoreceptors that reversibly photoconvert was predicted. In 1959, its existence was confirmed by the absorption spectrum measurement of the yellow sprout tissue, and it was named phytochrome. Why does the plant have a sensor to distinguish between such red light and far-red light? There is no big difference between the red and far-red light regions in the open-field spectrum of sunlight, but the proportion of red light is greatly reduced due to the absorption of chloroplasts in the shade of plants. Similar changes in light quality occur in the evening sunlight. Plants perceive this difference in light quality as the ratio of Pr and Pfr, recognize the light environment, and respond to it. Subsequent studies have revealed that it is responsible for various photomorphogenic reactions such as photoperiodic flowering induction, shade repellent, and deyellowing (greening). Furthermore, with the introduction of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and the development of molecular biological analysis methods, research has progressed dramatically, and his five types of phytochromes (phyA-E) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. all right. With the progress of the genome project, Fi’s tochrome-like photoreceptors were found in cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic prokaryotes other than plants. Furthermore, in non-photosynthetic bacteria, a homologue molecule called bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and radiation-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans, Dr). Domain structure of phytochrome molecule Phytochrome molecule can be roughly divided into N-terminal side and C-terminal side region. PAS (Per / Arndt / Sim: blue), GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase / adenylyl cyclase / FhlA: green), PHY (phyto-chrome: purple) 3 in the N-terminal region of plant phytochrome (Fig. 2A) There are two domains and an N-terminal extension region (NTE: dark blue), and phytochromobilin (PΦB), which is one of the ring-opening tetrapyrroles, is thioether-bonded to the system stored in GAF as a chromophore. ing. PAS is a domain involved in the interaction between signal transduction-related proteins, and PHY is a phytochrome-specific domain. There are two PASs and her histidine kinase-related (HKR) domain (red) in the C-terminal region, but the histidine essential for kinase activity is not conserved. 3. Phototropin; photosynthetic efficiency optimized blue light receptor What is phototropin? Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution, wrote in his book “The power of move-ment in plants” published in 1882 that plants bend toward blue light. Approximately 100 years later, the protein nph1 (nonphoto-tropic hypocotyl 1) encoded by one of the causative genes of Arabidopsis mutants causing phototropic abnormalities was identified as a blue photoreceptor. Later, another isotype npl1 was found and renamed phototropin 1 (phot1) and 2 (phot2), respectively. In addition to phototropism, phototropin is damaged by chloroplast photolocalization (chloroplasts move through the epidermal cells of the leaves and gather on the cell surface under appropriate light intensity for photosynthesis. As a photoreceptor for reactions such as escaping to the side of cells under dangerous strong light) and stomata (reactions that open stomata to optimize the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is the rate-determining process of photosynthetic reactions). It became clear that it worked. In this way, phototropin can be said to be a blue light receptor responsible for optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Domain structure and LOV photoreaction of phototropin molecule Phototropin molecule has two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) called LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage sensing) on the N-terminal side, and serine / on the C-terminal side. It is a protein kinase that forms threonine kinase (STK) (Fig. 4Aa) and whose activity is regulated by light. LOV is one molecule as a chromophore, he binds FMN (flavin mononucleotide) non-covalently. The LOV forms an α/βfold, and the FMN is located on a β-sheet consisting of five antiparallel β-strands (Fig. 4B). The FMN in the ground state LOV shows the absorption spectrum of a typical oxidized flavin protein with a triplet oscillation structure and an absorption maximum wavelength of 450 nm, and is called D450 (Fig. 1C and Fig. 4E). After being excited to the singlet excited state by blue light, the FMN shifts to the triplet excited state (L660t *) due to intersystem crossing, and then the C4 (Fig. 4C) of the isoaroxazine ring of the FMN is conserved in the vicinity. It forms a transient accretionary prism with the tain (red part in Fig. 4B Eα) (S390I). When this cysteine is replaced with alanine (C / A substitution), the addition reaction does not occur. The effect of adduct formation propagates to the protein moiety, causing kinase activation (S390II). After that, the formed cysteine-flavin adduct spontaneously dissociates and returns to the original D450 (Fig. 4E, dark regression reaction). Phototropin kinase activity control mechanism by LOV2 Why does phototropin have two LOVs? Atphot1 was found as a protein that is rapidly autophosphorylated when irradiated with blue light. The effect of the above C / A substitution on this self-phosphorylation reaction and phototropism was investigated, and LOV2 is the main photomolecular switch in both self-phosphorylation and phototropism. It turns out that it functions as. After that, from experiments using artificial substrates, STK has a constitutive activity, LOV2 functions as an inhibitory domain of this activity, and the inhibition is eliminated by photoreaction, while LOV1 is kinase light. It was shown to modify the photosensitivity of the activation reaction. In addition to this, LOV1 was found to act as a dimerization site from the crystal structure and his SAXS. What kind of molecular mechanism does LOV2 use to photoregulate kinase activity? The following two modules play important roles in this intramolecular signal transduction. Figure 4 (A) Domain structure of LOV photoreceptors. a: Phototropin b: Neochrome c: FKF1 family protein d: Aureochrome (B) Crystal structure of auto barley phot1 LOV2. (C) Structure of FMN isoaroxazine ring. (D) Schematic diagram of the functional domain and module of Arabidopsis thaliana phot1. L, A’α, and Jα represent linker, A’α helix, and Jα helix, respectively. (E) LOV photoreaction. (F) Molecular structure model (mesh) of the LOV2-STK sample (black line) containing A’α of phot2 obtained based on SAXS under dark (top) and under bright (bottom). The yellow, red, and green space-filled models represent the crystal structures of LOV2-Jα, protein kinase A N-lobe, and C-robe, respectively, and black represents FMN. See the text for details. 1) Jα. LOV2 C of oat phot1-to α immediately after the terminus Rix (Jα) is present (Fig. 4D), which interacts with the β-sheet (Fig. 4B) that forms the FMN-bound scaffold of LOV2 in the dark, but unfolds and dissociates from the β-sheet with photoreaction. It was shown by NMR that it does. According to the crystal structure of LOV2-Jα, this Jα is located on the back surface of the β sheet and mainly has a hydrophobic interaction. The formation of S390II causes twisting of the isoaroxazine ring and protonation of N5 (Fig. 4C). As a result, the glutamine side chain present on his Iβ strand (Fig. 4B) in the β-sheet rotates to form a hydrogen bond with this protonated N5. Jα interacts with this his Iβ strand, and these changes are thought to cause the unfold-ing of Jα and dissociation from the β-sheet described above. Experiments such as amino acid substitution of Iβ strands revealed that kinases exhibit constitutive activity when this interaction is eliminated, and that Jα plays an important role in photoactivation of kinases. 2) A’α / Aβ gap. Recently, several results have been reported showing the involvement of amino acids near the A’α helix (Fig. 4D) located upstream of the N-terminal of LOV2 in kinase photoactivation. Therefore, he investigated the role of this A’α and its neighboring amino acids in kinase photoactivation, photoreaction, and Jα structural change for Atphot1. The LOV2-STK polypeptide (Fig. 4D, underlined in black) was used as a photocontrollable kinase for kinase activity analysis. As a result, it was found that the photoactivation of the kinase was abolished when amino acid substitution was introduced into the A’α / Aβ gap between A’α and Aβ of the LOV2 core. Interestingly, he had no effect on the structural changes in Jα examined on the peptide map due to the photoreaction of LOV2 or trypsin degradation. Therefore, the A’α / Aβ gap is considered to play an important role in intramolecular signal transduction after Jα. Structural changes detected by SAXS Structural changes of Jα have been detected by various biophysical methods other than NMR, but structural information on samples including up to STK is reported only by his results to his SAXS. Not. The SAXS measurement of the Atphot2 LOV2-STK polypeptide showed that the radius of inertia increased from 32.4 Å to 34.8 Å, and the molecular model (Fig. 4F) obtained by the ab initio modeling software GASBOR is that of LOV2 and STK. It was shown that the N lobes and C lobes lined up in tandem, and the relative position of LOV2 with respect to STK shifted by about 13 Å under light irradiation. The difference in the molecular model between the two is considered to reflect the structural changes that occur in the Jα and A’α / Aβ gaps mentioned above. Two phototropins with different photosensitivity In the phototropic reaction of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis responds to a very wide range of light intensities from 10–4 to 102 μmol photon / sec / m2. At that time, phot1 functions as an optical sensor in a wide range from low light to strong light, while phot2 reacts with light stronger than 1 μmol photon / sec / m2. What is the origin of these differences? As is well known, animal photoreceptors have a high photosensitivity due to the abundance of rhodopsin and the presence of biochemical amplification mechanisms. The exact abundance of phot1 and phot2 in vivo is unknown, but interesting results have been obtained in terms of amplification. The light intensity dependence of the photoactivation of the LOV2-STK polypeptide used in the above kinase analysis was investigated. It was found that phot1 was about 10 times more photosensitive than phot2. On the other hand, when the photochemical reactions of both were examined, it was found that the rate of the dark return reaction of phot1 was about 10 times slower than that of phot2. This result indicates that the longer the lifetime of S390II, which is in the kinase-activated state, the higher the photosensitivity of kinase activation. This correlation was further confirmed by extending the lifespan of her S390II with amino acid substitutions. This alone cannot explain the widespread differences in photosensitivity between phot1 and phot2, but it may explain some of them. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate in detail protein modifications such as phosphorylation and the effects of phot interacting factors on photosensitivity. Other LOV photoreceptors Among fern plants and green algae, phytochrome ɾphotosensory module (PSM) on the N-terminal side and chimera photoreceptor with full-length phototropin on the C-terminal side, neochrome (Fig. There are types with 4Ab). It has been reported that some neochromes play a role in chloroplast photolocalization as a red light receiver. It is considered that fern plants have such a chimera photoreceptor in order to survive in a habitat such as undergrowth in a jungle where only red light reaches. In addition to this, plants have only one LOV domain, and three proteins involved in the degradation of photomorphogenesis-related proteins, FKF1 (Flavin-binding, Kelch repeat, F-box 1, ZTL (ZEITLUPE)), LKP2 ( There are LOV Kelch Protein2) (Fig. 4Ac) and aureochrome (Fig. 4Ad), which has a bZip domain on the N-terminal side of LOV and functions as a gene transcription factor. 4. Cryptochrome and UVR8 Cryptochrome is one of the blue photoreceptors and forms a superfamily with the DNA photoreceptor photolyase. It has FAD (flavin adenine dinucle-otide) as a chromophore and tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a condensing pigment. The ground state of FAD is considered to be the oxidized type, and the radical type (broken line in Fig. 1B) generated by blue light irradiation is considered to be the signaling state. The radical type also absorbs in the green to orange light region, and may widen the wavelength region of the plant morphogenesis reaction spectrum. Cryptochrome uses blue light to control physiological functions similar to phytochrome. It was identified as a photoreceptor from one of the causative genes of UVR8 Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chromophore is absorbed in the UVB region by a Trp triad consisting of three tryptophans (Fig. 1D). It is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that function as UV scavengers in plants. Conclusion It is thought that plants have acquired various photoreceptors necessary for their survival during a long evolutionary process. The photoreceptors that cover the existing far-red light to UVB mentioned here are considered to be some of them. More and more diverse photoreceptor genes are conserved in cyanobacteria and marine plankton. By examining these, it is thought that the understanding of plant photoreceptors will be further deepened.

No deficiencies thus far adding some molasses each feeding 1 tbls per gal water

Lefty was dropped during veg that explains why she looks a few days behind the other i damaged a high fan leaf in about week 5 of veg and now I know what effect it has so not to do it again! Started on pk13 two days ago just a video update for now 😋

All pictures were taken on day 63 Buds are stacking up and her smell is intensifying. I found these thingis with my smartphones zoom. They are not really visible to the naked eye I gave about 2 liters with 0.7ml/l Top-Max & Bio-Bloom & Bio-Grow More lower leaves are getting yellowish but it should be fine with current feeding✊

Le 42e jour ce passe très bien. Les plantes sont au milieu de la prefloraison et ne vont pas tarder à arrêter leurs croissance pour se concentrer sur les bourgeons ainsi j'adapte l'alimentation au circonstances. J'ai rattrapé l'erreur de pH même si cela reste précaire les plantes se portent dans l'ensemble très bien 🌱🙏

03.04.24 Startet soaking them in Water, all of them fell to the bottom.💧 Transplanting them later on the day into cups.🥤 05.04.24 Transplanted them into their cups, now waiting till the 4 girls show up. 🌱 07.04.24 Banana and GG #4 showed up first and pretty much at the same time. The other are still underground.🌱🍌☀️ 09.04.2024 Sunset paradise showed up, now just waiting for the Runtz.. 🌱 10.04.2024 They all doing well, besides the runtz. Still no sign, but it surely comes🌱 11.04.2024 Everyone doing well, just runtz doesn’t want to show up… slowly I believe it’s never coming but we will wait a few days🙏🏻 14.04.2024 Oke guys I think the runtz is dead.. im a little bit sad bc i wanted to test this strain.. but it happens🙂 Addet some new soil for the bigger 2, because the head was too heavy.. hope this doesn’t cause more problems..🙏🏻 But let’s see how the other 3 are going. I think tomorrow I start a new veggie week here. 🌱✌️

Preflower only. Tropical Storm Hillary incoming. It is tied up to the scaffolding and will remain outdoors throughout the storm.

NEW BOX: 130x60x120 DIY: storage shelf, solid sheet metal ELECTRO ################################ thermometer top thermometer bottom hydrometer wlan ip cam (+ir filter) ---------------------------------------------------------------- input: x2 USB PC fan exhaust: x2 USB PC fan circulation: x2 USB fan ---------------------------------------------------------------- led panel 1: 300W ASUNDOM LED (Veg/Bloom/Full) led panel 2: 300W XHGrow Reflector-Series LED (Full) ---------------------------------------------------------------- studio light 1 (vegetation): 36W TaoTronics LED Gold studio light 1 (vegetation): 50W Balai LED full studio light 2 (vegetation): 8W VINGO LED blue ligh studio light 2 (vegetation): 50W Balai LED full ---------------------------------------------------------------- studio light 1 (bloom): 36W TaoTronics LED Green studio light 1 (bloom): 36W TaoTronics LED Gold studio light 1 (bloom): 50W JADIDIS LED IR full studio light 2 (bloom): 36W TaoTronics LED Green studio light 2 (bloom): 36W TaoTronics LED Green studio light 2 (bloom): 36W KINGBO LED Deep red 660nm 4x PLANTS ############################### FastBuds Girl Scout Cookies pots: 14L soil: plagron grow mix

Moving forward, blooming nice, this second gen is taking form and gaining weight. A few weeks and we will have a nice harvest. Tent is nicely populated and filled. Once i have setup the “semi scrog” it has conformed to it in a couple of days and did a massive difference. It really opens the canopy and create a huge surface to take advantage from the light as opposed to letting it go naturally. I’m defining the technique as semi scrog because i did not setup the net in a traditional early way knitting in veg... It was done later.

Alright Then REMINDER I DO 2 UPDATES PER WEEK 👉WEEKLYROUNDUP👈👉MIDWEEKLY UPDATE👈 We just hit week 3 and all is well , have to admit she's showing great , Growth in just 21 days😃 ....... Middle of this week I have decided to start a little training by pulling her over to the side and have decided to top it 👌 And she's filling out the pot perfectly👌 Very little water given ,so far and rain water to be used entire growth Lights being readjusted and chart updated .........👍 I GOT MULTIPLE DIARIES ON THE GO 😱 please check them out 😎 👉I WISH GD HAD DISCORD SERVER SO GROWMIES COULD HAVE A PLACE TO HELP AND TALK THINGS RELATED TO GROWING IN REAL TIME .....👈 👉SO I CREATED ONE ALL YOU NEED IS TO JOIN THE GROWDIARIES DISCORD SERVER !!!!!!!!!!!👈 LINK IS 👉 https://discord.gg/zQmTHkbejs AND SEE HOW IT PLAYS OUT !!!!!!!

Lollipop Added 3rd net Removed male

Last week I finally did some lollipopping and defoliation. I had too cause humidity went through the roof and foliage was dense and wet in the mornings. Also fed with the amendment. 5 liters of worm castings, with bone meal, some microlife. Some bud growth started but also trichomes are forming and a strong weed smell is developing in the tent. The growth is far behind compared to the other two though. Not as many buds and the plant is overall more flimsy and has hollow stalks. The very slender leaf growth leaves me to believe that next to being the runt all the grow, the gorilla doesn't seem to enjoy the high feed environment. It also really doesn't respond well to scrogging, it keeps reaching for the light, It remains the odd one out in the tent. The buds are few and far between, I'm not very hopeful this one will produce the grams needed to keep my grams per watt score high. The other two might well compensate for it, we shall see. Thanks for checking in!!

Se realizó un corte apical al segundo nudo, eliminando el primero...se estancó el crecimiento por 5 dias aproximadamente, ya volvieron a su ritmo normal de crecimiento

Day 70 - 2cm taller this week. Flowering stretch all but finished. Flowers are forming fast. The pungent smell is not too strong at this moment.

@twenty20Mendocino R&DUpdate ~ Let’s Go day 49 for these girls an we are looking beautiful! This week we gave them another trim up a tied them down more a today they have bounced back like nothing happened, strong ones they gonna be an so nice an healthy! The Sangria is looking really beautiful, she’s Been flowering for lil over 2 weeks now so we still got a good amount of weeks for her to build a little more but she is already looking amazing, can’t wait for her to be done, smelling delicious! Hope you all enjoy an have an amazing productive day as well as a great safe weekend! Peace love positive vibes to all y’all Cheers 😶‍🌫️💨💨💨💨🤙🏻

Ok next week is just water and the chop. I am done with these plants, they did well and I'm happy with that. Got some real fade and issues all through out the run of this grow but the buds on the plant are looking fantastic. Can't say I am disappointed in them as I legit did not give a fuck about them and they produced. so that's a massive bonus. I will be drying them indoors for the same period as the other plants I was harvesting. give them a little cure and see what they are like.

Update coming.

Terza settimana di fioritura